The second decade of the twentieth century is viewed as the pivotal period for ghetto formation in the United States. This decade witnessed the onset of the Great Migration and it was during this time that modern ghettos, massive agglomerations of tens of thousands of Blacks and virtually only Blacks, became visible. Despite the importance of this period for ghetto formation and the subsequent segregation experienced by Blacks, our understanding of the dynamics of segregation during this period is incomplete. We utilize recently released fine-grained census data to present a more precise and complete picture of segregation in American cities in the second decade of the twentieth century and in doing so make several contributions to the historical literature on residential segregation. First, we document how segregation varied across the full range of American cities, including Southern and smaller cities overlooked in most historical accounts. Second, we assess how the influx of Southern Black migrants into Northern cities was related to increasing segregation. Third, we ascertain the role of Blacks’ socioeconomic status in determining proximity to Whites. Fourth, we examine racial zoning’s impact on segregation. Finally, we consider how the presence of immigrants in a city was related to the residential segregation experienced by Blacks. This research thus adds to the literature on residential segregation by providing more reliable estimates of the degree of residential segregation experienced by Blacks at the beginning of the Great Migration as well as exploring other factors associated with varying levels of segregation at that time.

中文翻译：

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大迁徙之初的住宅隔离：来自 1910 年和 1920 年人口普查的证据

二十世纪的第二个十年被视为美国隔都形成的关键时期。这十年见证了大迁徙的开始，正是在这段时间里，现代贫民区、成千上万黑人和几乎只有黑人的大规模聚集地变得可见。尽管这一时期对于隔都的形成和黑人随后经历的隔离很重要，但我们对这一时期隔离动态的理解并不完整。我们利用最近发布的细粒度人口普查数据，更准确、更完整地展示了 20 世纪第二个十年美国城市的种族隔离情况，并以此为关于居住隔离的历史文献做出了一些贡献。第一的，我们记录了美国所有城市的种族隔离如何变化，包括在大多数历史记录中被忽视的南方城市和小城市。其次，我们评估了南方黑人移民涌入北方城市与种族隔离加剧之间的关系。第三，我们确定黑人的社会经济地位在确定与白人的接近程度方面的作用。第四，我们考察种族分区对隔离的影响。最后，我们考虑移民在城市中的存在与黑人所经历的居住隔离之间的关系。