In the context of the arrival of Syrians as of 2011 and the subsequent humanitarian assistance received in light of the EU–Turkey deal in 2016, there has been increased control over civil society organizations (CSOs) in Turkey. Through the case study of language education, this paper examines the relationship between the state and CSOs as shaped by the presence of Syrian refugees and how it evolved through the autonomy of state bureaucracy. It demonstrates that increased control led to the proliferation of larger projects, the deterrence of smaller CSOs, and a hierarchy between organizations prioritizing those that are aligned with the state. It argues that this policy is not only the result of the increased lack of trust between state and civil society but also an attempt to channel funds through state institutions to handle an unprecedented number of refugees while externalizing some of its functions. At the same time, this emerging relationship effectively allows the state to avoid making long-term integration policies and facing growing tensions among the public. This study is based on a qualitative study encompassing interviews with state officials as well as stakeholders in different types of CSOs that deliver language education for adults.

中文翻译：

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转变国家与公民社会关系：难民教育的集中化与外化

在 2011 年叙利亚人抵达以及随后根据 2016 年欧盟-土耳其协议收到的人道主义援助的背景下，土耳其对民间社会组织 (CSO) 的控制有所增加。通过语言教育的案例研究，本文研究了叙利亚难民的存在所塑造的国家与公民社会组织之间的关系，以及它如何通过国家官僚机构的自治而演变。它表明，加强控制会导致大型项目的扩散、小型 CSO 的威慑以及组织之间优先考虑与国家一致的组织之间的等级制度。它认为，这一政策不仅是国家与公民社会之间日益缺乏信任的结果，也是试图通过国家机构引导资金来处理数量空前的难民，同时将其一些职能外化。同时，这种新兴的关系有效地使国家避免了制定长期的一体化政策和面临公众日益紧张的局势。本研究基于一项定性研究，其中包括对州政府官员以及为成人提供语言教育的不同类型公民社会组织的利益相关者的采访。