In this review article I classify the literature on the Turkish political regime during Justice and Development Party rule as two waves of studies, and a potential third wave. The first wave was prevalent at least until the Gezi uprisings in 2013. I argue that, in this wave, the main debate was between two rival and largely culturalist perspectives with conceptual toolkits that tended to interpret regime change through the lens of social transformations. I also maintain that scholarly works written from the hegemonic perspective of this wave, utilizing center–periphery and state–society dichotomies, and a narrow range of concepts from the democratization literature (from defective democracy to democratic consolidation), have misidentified/misinterpreted burgeoning autocratization in Turkey as democratization, albeit with problems. The Gezi uprisings brought to the fore already existing authoritarian features of the Turkish political regime and led to the second wave of studies. In the second wave, the focus was on naming Turkey’s new political regime as a diminished subtype of authoritarianism, and thick descriptions of different facets of Turkey’s new authoritarianism. Finally, I suggest that there is a need for a third wave that builds on recent studies and focuses on explaining Turkey’s autocratization process and democratic breakdown, as well as the impact of autocratization on other aspects of Turkish politics and society.

中文翻译：

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研究土耳其的独裁：政治制度、民粹主义和新自由主义

在这篇评论文章中，我将关于正义与发展党统治期间土耳其政权的文献分类为两波研究，以及潜在的第三波研究。第一波至少在 2013 年的格兹起义之前一直很流行。我认为，在这一波中，主要辩论是在两个相互对立的、主要是文化主义的观点之间，它们的概念工具包倾向于通过社会变革的视角来解释政权更迭。我还坚持认为，从这一浪潮的霸权角度撰写的学术著作，利用中心-边缘和国家-社会二分法，以及民主化文献中的一小部分概念（从有缺陷的民主到民主巩固），错误地识别/误解了新兴的专制化在土耳其民主化，尽管存在问题。格齐起义凸显了土耳其政权已经存在的威权主义特征，并引发了第二波研究。在第二波浪潮中，重点是把土耳其的新政权命名为威权主义的削弱亚型，并对土耳其新威权主义的不同方面进行了详尽的描述。最后，我建议有必要在近期研究的基础上开展第三波浪潮，重点解释土耳其的专制化进程和民主崩溃，以及专制化对土耳其政治和社会其他方面的影响。对土耳其新威权主义的不同方面进行了详尽的描述。最后，我建议有必要在近期研究的基础上开展第三波浪潮，重点解释土耳其的专制化进程和民主崩溃，以及专制化对土耳其政治和社会其他方面的影响。对土耳其新威权主义的不同方面进行了详尽的描述。最后，我建议有必要在近期研究的基础上开展第三波浪潮，重点解释土耳其的专制化进程和民主崩溃，以及专制化对土耳其政治和社会其他方面的影响。