This article investigates the circular intra- and transimperial movements of medical experts from colonial India in three imperial settings. The analysis of the trajectories of José Camillo Lisboa, Paramananda Mariadassou, and Mary Poonen Lukose highlights, first, how crucial freedom of movement—not only between parts of the same empire, but also across empire borders and between their metropoles as well as their colonies—was for individuals; secondly, how questions of citizenship, the recognition of degrees and certificates, and notions of gender, race, class, and place of origin played a role in enabling or preventing Indians living in Portuguese, French, or British India from studying or working elsewhere; and thirdly, how this in turn had an effect on their potential social mobility, which depended on the historical contingency of time and place, and the opportunities and limitations in these contexts. The article argues that through their chosen careers and their sociopolitical activities they expanded conventional notions of citizenship and lived as global citizens.

中文翻译：

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成为或不成为……全球公民：三位医生、三个帝国和一个次大陆

本文调查了来自印度殖民地的医学专家在三个帝国环境中的循环内部和跨帝国运动。对 José Camillo Lisboa、Paramananda Mariadassou 和 Mary Poonen Lukose 轨迹的分析首先强调了行动自由的重要性——不仅在同一帝国的各个部分之间，而且在帝国边界之间以及在他们的大都市和他们的殖民地之间。 ——适用于个人；其次，公民身份问题、学位和证书的承认以及性别、种族、阶级和原籍地的概念如何在促使或阻止居住在葡萄牙、法国或英属印度的印度人在其他地方学习或工作方面发挥作用；第三，这又如何影响他们潜在的社会流动性，这取决于时间和地点的历史偶然性，以及这些背景下的机会和限制。文章认为，通过他们选择的职业和他们的社会政治活动，他们扩展了传统的公民观念，并以全球公民的身份生活。