This article investigates how Progressive Era writers, both popular and scientific, helped to construct multiracial identities alongside competing efforts to enshrine race into strictly black and white terms. Existing scholarship on race in the Progressive Era has not sufficiently analyzed the presence of multiracial populations. Instead, scholars have treated state and federal efforts to police racial boundaries, namely through anti-miscegenation laws and the census, as evidence that multiracial persons were a legal impossibility. However, scientific and popular writing on Appalachia provides a conceptual space in which multiracialism was not only a conceptual possibility, but was engendered. Appalachia took on increased importance during the Progressive Era as both intellectuals and reformers used the region to frame their anxieties about the limits of modernity and the threat of racial mixing. The region was home to white mountaineers who appeared arrested in time, existing in uncomfortable proximity to newly discovered groups with white, black, and Native American ancestry who also seemed to have been shunned by civilization. In attempting to understand the peculiar conditions of Appalachia, these Progressive Era writers helped to advance some of the first ideas about what it meant to be mixed-race in America.

中文翻译：

---

山区的克里奥尔人：进步时代阿巴拉契亚的种族、地区主义和现代性

本文调查了进步时代的作家，包括大众作家和科学作家，如何帮助构建多种族身份，同时努力将种族纳入严格的黑白术语。进步时代关于种族的现有学术研究并没有充分分析多种族人口的存在。相反，学者们将州和联邦监管种族界限的努力，即通过反通婚法和人口普查，视为多种族在法律上是不可能的证据。然而，关于阿巴拉契亚的科学和流行著作提供了一个概念空间，在这个空间中，多种族主义不仅是一种概念上的可能性，而且是产生的。在进步时代，阿巴拉契亚变得越来越重要，因为知识分子和改革者都利用该地区来表达他们对现代性的局限性和种族混合威胁的焦虑。该地区是白人登山者的故乡，他们似乎及时被捕，与新发现的具有白人、黑人和美洲原住民血统的群体之间存在不舒服的关系，这些群体似乎也被文明所回避。为了了解阿巴拉契亚的特殊条件，这些进步时代的作家帮助提出了一些关于在美国混血意味着什么的最初想法。以及似乎也被文明所回避的美洲原住民血统。为了了解阿巴拉契亚的特殊条件，这些进步时代的作家帮助提出了一些关于在美国混血意味着什么的最初想法。以及似乎也被文明所回避的美洲原住民血统。为了了解阿巴拉契亚的特殊条件，这些进步时代的作家帮助提出了一些关于在美国混血意味着什么的最初想法。