With much fanfare, Ghana's Jubilee Oil Field was discovered in 2007 and began producing oil in 2010. In the six coastal districts nearest the offshore fields, expectations of oil-backed development have been raised. However, there is growing concern over what locals perceive to be negative impacts of oil and gas production. Based on field research conducted in 2010 and 2015 in the same communities in each district, this paper presents a longitudinal study of the impacts (real and perceived) of oil and gas production in Ghana. With few identifiable benefits beyond corporate social responsibility projects often disconnected from local development priorities, communities are growing angrier at their loss of livelihoods, increased social ills and dispossession from land and ocean. Assuming that others must be benefiting from the petroleum resources being extracted near their communities, there is growing frustration. High expectations, real and perceived grievances, and increasing social fragmentation threaten to lead to conflict and underdevelopment.

中文翻译：

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加纳的石油工业：沿海社区的期望、挫折和愤怒

加纳的朱比利油田于2007年被发现，并于2010年开始生产石油。在离海上油田最近的六个沿海地区，石油支持开发的预期被提高了。然而，人们越来越担心当地人认为石油和天然气生产的负面影响。本文基于 2010 年和 2015 年在每个地区的相同社区进行的实地研究，对加纳石油和天然气生产的影响（实际和感知）进行了纵向研究。除了企业社会责任项目之外，几乎没有可识别的利益往往与当地发展优先事项脱节，社区对失去生计、社会弊病增加以及对土地和海洋的剥夺越来越感到愤怒。假设其他人必须从在其社区附近开采的石油资源中受益，就会越来越沮丧。高期望、真实和感知的不满以及日益加剧的社会分裂可能导致冲突和不发达。