This article expounds upon the experiences of local emergency management professionals to determine if there is a pattern in the attitudes that these managers exhibit regarding the centralization of policy and operational control during the George W. Bush and Obama administrations. Responses to a 2016 survey described beneficial and detracting features of the federal requirements, which affected the department's ability to meet their jurisdiction's demands. This article describes these attitudes and determines whether jurisdictions that were favorable to or against policy changes made during Obama's administration represent jurisdictions that voted Democratic or Republican in the five previous presidential elections. Doing so tests the theory of "representative bureaucracy", which suggests local bureaucrats will represent their constituents' background and beliefs in their actions or attitudes. The findings suggest that elements of "representative bureaucracy" exist, but also that disappointment over the actions taken by both administrations persist.

中文翻译：

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应急管理中的代表官僚机构：对当代应急管理政策和地方机构政治的态度

本文详细介绍了当地应急管理专业人员的经验，以确定这些管理人员在乔治·W·布什和奥巴马政府执政期间对于政策和运营控制的集中化所表现出的态度是否存在某种模式。对2016年调查的回应描述了联邦要求的有利和不利因素，这影响了该部门满足其管辖区要求的能力。本文介绍了这些态度，并确定了在奥巴马执政期间赞成还是反对政策变化的司法管辖区是否代表了在前五届总统选举中投票给民主党或共和党的司法管辖区。这样做检验了“代表官僚制”的理论，这表明地方官僚将代表其选民的背景和对他们的行为或态度的信仰。调查结果表明，存在“代表官僚”的成分，但对两国政府采取的行动仍然令人失望。