Background

The twindemic of influenza and COVID-19 places pharmacists in a position of high-impact to inform and manage vaccination uptake. Given prior vaccine hesitancy in the US and the current high impact of COVID-19 on the population, it is imperative to understand and address factors that drive perceptions and intention to get vaccinated.

Objectives

The objectives of the study were to 1) determine impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza vaccine uptake, on patient perceptions of vaccinations, vaccine intention, and health behaviors and 2) determine vaccine intention through the Health Belief Model.

Methods

An IRB-approved prospective Qualtrics-based survey was administered online to eligible respondents: non-pregnant panel respondents 18 years or older within the United States who could independently complete the entire questionnaire in English. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, psychometric analyses of the 5C and CoBQ tools, one-way ANOVA to compare demographic groups and vaccine intention items with survey scores, and mapping and path analysis of the HBM with one added domain (Decision Making Determinant, DMD).

Results

525 respondents completed the survey from October 23–29, 2020. Respondents aged 18–49, making less than $20,000 or an undisclosed income, and not having anyone close to them directly affected by COVID-19 showed a significant, negative impact of COVID-19 on health behavior and a significantly lower vaccine acceptance. The 5C and CoBQ showed moderately strong reliability. Mapping for the HBM revealed significant correlations between all modifying factors with Individual Perceptions except for Race/Ethnicity. Of the Individual Perceptions, Perceived Benefits (-.114) and Perceived Barriers (.307) significantly predicted DMD and directly impacted Vaccine Intention. DMD was not a significant mediator of Vaccination Intention.

Conclusions

Vaccination messaging should focus on a simple yet balanced view of benefits and risks, targeting those under age 50 and living in low-income households, to motivate uptake of influenza and COVID-19 vaccines.

中文翻译：

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他们会，还是不会？使用健康信念模型检查患者对流感和 COVID-19 的疫苗接种意向

背景

流感和 COVID-19 的双重流行使药剂师处于影响很大的位置，可以告知和管理疫苗接种情况。鉴于美国之前对疫苗的犹豫不决以及当前 COVID-19 对人口的严重影响，必须了解和解决推动接种疫苗的看法和意愿的因素。

目标

该研究的目的是 1) 确定 COVID-19 大流行对流感疫苗接种、患者对疫苗接种的看法、疫苗意图和健康行为的影响，以及 2) 通过健康信念模型确定疫苗意图。

方法

IRB 批准的基于 Qualtrics 的前瞻性调查在线对符合条件的受访者进行了调查：美国境内年满 18 岁且未怀孕的小组受访者，他们可以用英语独立完成整个问卷调查。数据分析包括描述性统计、5C 和 CoBQ 工具的心理测量分析、将人口群体和疫苗意向项目与调查分数进行比较的单向方差分析，以及具有一个附加域的 HBM 映射和路径分析（决策决定因素，DMD） .

结果

525 名受访者在 2020 年 10 月 23 日至 29 日期间完成了调查。年龄在 18 至 49 岁之间、收入低于 20,000 美元或未公开收入且身边没有任何人直接受到 COVID-19 影响的受访者表现出 COVID-19 的重大负面影响19 关于健康行为和疫苗接受度显着降低。5C 和 CoBQ 表现出中等强度的可靠性。HBM 的映射揭示了除种族/民族之外的所有修改因素与个人感知之间的显着相关性。在个人感知中，感知益处 (-.114) 和感知障碍 (.307) 显着预测 DMD 并直接影响疫苗接种意向。DMD 不是疫苗接种意向的重要中介变量。

结论

疫苗接种信息应侧重于简单而平衡的利益和风险观点，针对 50 岁以下和生活在低收入家庭中的人群，以激励接种流感和 COVID-19 疫苗。