We present powderday (available at https://github.com/dnarayanan/powderday), a flexible, fast, open-source dust radiative transfer package designed to interface with both idealized and cosmological galaxy formation simulations. powderday builds on fsps stellar population synthesis models, and hyperion dust radiative transfer, and employs yt to interface between different software packages. We include our stellar population synthesis modeling on the fly, allowing significant flexibility in the assumed stellar physics and nebular line emission. The dust content follows either simple observationally motivated prescriptions (i.e., constant dust-to-metals ratios, or dust-to-gas ratios that vary with metallicity), direct modeling from galaxy formation simulations that include dust physics, as well as a novel approach that includes the dust content via learning-based algorithms from the simba cosmological galaxy formation simulation. Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can additionally be included via a range of prescriptions. The output of these models are broadband (912 Å–1 mm) spectral energy distributions (SEDs), as well as filter-convolved monochromatic images. powderday is designed to eliminate last-mile efforts by researchers that employ different hydrodynamic galaxy formation models and seamlessly interfaces with gizmo, arepo, gasoline, changa, and enzo. We demonstrate the capabilities of the code via three applications: a model for the star formation rate–infrared luminosity relation in galaxies (including the impact of AGNs), the impact of circumstellar dust around AGB stars on the mid-infrared emission from galaxy SEDs, and the impact of galaxy inclination angle on dust attenuation laws.

我们介绍了Powderday（可在https://github.com/dnarayanan/powderday获得），这是一种灵活，快速，开放源代码的尘埃辐射传输程序包，旨在与理想化和宇宙学银河系模拟进行交互。powderday建立在金融服务商星族合成模型和海波灰尘辐射传输，并且采用YT在不同软件包之间进行接口。我们将动态恒星种群合成模型包括在内，从而在假定的恒星物理学和星云线发射方面具有显着的灵活性。尘埃含量遵循简单的观察动机规定（即恒定的尘埃与金属之比，或随金属性而变化的尘埃与气体之比），通过包括尘埃物理学在内的星系形成模拟的直接建模以及一种新颖的方法通过simba的基于学习的算法包括灰尘含量宇宙星系形成模拟。可以通过一系列处方另外包括活动性银河核（AGN）。这些模型的输出是宽带（912 Å–1 mm）光谱能量分布（SED），以及滤镜卷积的单色图像。Powderday旨在消除研究人员在最后一刻的努力，这些研究人员采用了不同的水动力星系形成模型，并与Gizmo，arepo，汽油，changa和enzo无缝衔接。我们通过三个应用程序演示了该代码的功能：一个用于星系形成率-红外光度关系的模型（包括AGN的影响），AGB恒星周围的星际尘埃对星系SED的中红外辐射的影响，以及银河倾角对尘埃衰减规律的影响。