This article presents the first large-scale field study of NAND-based SSDs in enterprise storage systems (in contrast to drives in distributed data center storage systems). The study is based on a very comprehensive set of field data, covering 1.6 million SSDs of a major storage vendor (NetApp). The drives comprise three different manufacturers, 18 different models, 12 different capacities, and all major flash technologies (SLC, cMLC, eMLC, 3D-TLC). The data allows us to study a large number of factors that were not studied in prior works, including the effect of firmware versions, the reliability of TLC NAND, and the correlations between drives within a RAID system. This article presents our analysis, along with a number of practical implications derived from it.

中文翻译：

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企业存储系统中 SSD 的可靠性

本文介绍了基于 NAND 的 SSD 的首次大规模现场研究企业存储系统（与分布式数据中心存储系统中的驱动器相比）。该研究基于一组非常全面的现场数据，涵盖了一家主要存储供应商 (NetApp) 的 160 万块 SSD。这些驱动器包括三个不同的制造商、18 种不同的型号、12 种不同的容量以及所有主要的闪存技术（SLC、cMLC、eMLC、3D-TLC）。这些数据使我们能够研究大量先前工作中未研究的因素，包括固件版本的影响、TLC NAND 的可靠性以及 RAID 系统中驱动器之间的相关性。本文介绍了我们的分析，以及从中得出的一些实际意义。