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Biological safety in the context of backward planetary protection and Mars Sample Return: conclusions from the Sterilization Working Group
International Journal of Astrobiology ( IF 1.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-13 , DOI: 10.1017/s1473550420000397
Emily Craven , Martell Winters , Alvin L. Smith , Erin Lalime , Rocco Mancinelli , Brian Shirey , Wayne Schubert , Andrew Schuerger , Mariko Burgin , Emily P. Seto , Morgan Hendry , Amruta Mehta , J. Nick Benardini , Gary Ruvkun

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) are studying how samples might be brought back to Earth from Mars safely. Backward planetary protection is key in this complex endeavour, as it is required to prevent potential adverse effects from returning materials to Earth's biosphere. As the question of whether or not life exists on Mars today or whether it ever did in the past is still unanswered, the effort to return samples from Mars is expected to be categorized as a ‘Restricted Earth Return’ mission, for which NASA policy requires the containment of any unsterilized material returned to Earth. NASA is investigating several solutions to contain Mars samples and sterilize any uncontained Martian particles. This effort has significant implications for both NASA's scientific mission, and the Earth's environment; and so special care and vigilance are needed in planning and execution in order to assure acceptance of safety to Earth's biosphere. To generate a technically acceptable sterilization process across a wide array of scientific and other stakeholders, on 30–31 January 2019, 10–11 June 2019 and 19–20 February 2020, NASA informally convened a Sterilization Working Group (SWG) composed of experts from industry, academia and government to assess methods for sterilization and inactivation, to identify future work needed to verify these methods against biological challenges, and to determine their feasibility for implementation on robotic spacecraft in deep space. The goals of the SWG were: (1)Understand what it means to sterilize and/or inactivate Martian materials and how that understanding can be applied to the Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission.(2)Assess methods for sterilization and inactivation, and identify future work needed to verify these methods.(3)Provide an effective plan for communicating with other agencies and the public.This paper provides a summary of the discussions and conclusions of the SWG over these three workshops. It reflects a consensus position based on qualitative discussion of how agencies might approach the problem of sterilization of Mars material. The SWG reached a consensus that sterilization options can be considered on the basis of biology as we know it, and that sterilization modalities that are effective on terrestrial materials and organisms should be part of the MSR planetary protection strategy. Conclusions pointed to several industry standards for sterilization to include heat, chemical, UV radiation and low-heat plasma. Technical trade-offs for each sterilization modality were discussed while simultaneously considering the engineering challenges and limitations for spaceflight. Future work includes more in-depth discussions on technical trade-offs of sterilization modalities, identifying and testing Earth analogue challenge organisms and proteinaceous molecules against chosen modalities, and executing collaborative agreements between NASA and external working group partners to help close data gaps, and to establish strong, scientifically grounded sterilization and inactivation standards for MSR.

中文翻译:

落后行星保护和火星样本返回背景下的生物安全:灭菌工作组的结论

美国国家航空航天局 (NASA) 和欧洲航天局 (ESA) 正在研究如何将样本从火星安全带回地球。向后行星保护是这项复杂工作的关键,因为需要防止材料返回地球生物圈的潜在不利影响。由于今天火星上是否存在生命或过去是否存在生命的问题仍未得到解答,从火星返回样本的努力预计将被归类为“受限地球返回”任务,美国宇航局的政策要求收容返回地球的任何未经消毒的材料。NASA 正在研究几种解决方案,以包含火星样本并对任何未包含的火星粒子进行消毒。这项工作对美国宇航局的科学任务都有重大影响,和地球环境;因此,在计划和执行中需要特别小心和警惕,以确保地球生物圈的安全。为了在广泛的科学和其他利益相关者中产生技术上可接受的灭菌过程,在 2019 年 1 月 30 日至 31 日、2019 年 6 月 10 日至 11 日和 2020 年 2 月 19 日至 20 日,NASA 非正式召集了一个灭菌工作组 (SWG),该工作组由来自工业界、学术界和政府评估灭菌和灭活方法,确定验证这些方法应对生物挑战所需的未来工作,并确定其在深空机器人航天器上实施的可行性。SWG 的目标是:因此,在计划和执行中需要特别小心和警惕,以确保地球生物圈的安全。为了在广泛的科学和其他利益相关者中产生技术上可接受的灭菌过程,在 2019 年 1 月 30 日至 31 日、2019 年 6 月 10 日至 11 日和 2020 年 2 月 19 日至 20 日,NASA 非正式召集了一个灭菌工作组 (SWG),该工作组由来自工业界、学术界和政府评估灭菌和灭活方法,确定验证这些方法应对生物挑战所需的未来工作,并确定其在深空机器人航天器上实施的可行性。SWG 的目标是:因此,在计划和执行中需要特别小心和警惕,以确保地球生物圈的安全。为了在广泛的科学和其他利益相关者中产生技术上可接受的灭菌过程,在 2019 年 1 月 30 日至 31 日、2019 年 6 月 10 日至 11 日和 2020 年 2 月 19 日至 20 日,NASA 非正式召集了一个灭菌工作组 (SWG),该工作组由来自工业界、学术界和政府评估灭菌和灭活方法,确定验证这些方法应对生物挑战所需的未来工作,并确定其在深空机器人航天器上实施的可行性。SWG 的目标是:2019 年 1 月 30 日至 31 日、2019 年 6 月 10 日至 11 日和 2020 年 2 月 19 日至 20 日,NASA 非正式召集了一个由来自工业界、学术界和政府的专家组成的灭菌工作组 (SWG),以评估灭菌和灭活方法,以确定未来的工作需要验证这些方法应对生物挑战,并确定它们在深空机器人航天器上实施的可行性。SWG 的目标是:2019 年 1 月 30 日至 31 日、2019 年 6 月 10 日至 11 日和 2020 年 2 月 19 日至 20 日,NASA 非正式召集了一个由来自工业界、学术界和政府的专家组成的灭菌工作组 (SWG),以评估灭菌和灭活方法,以确定未来的工作需要验证这些方法应对生物挑战,并确定它们在深空机器人航天器上实施的可行性。SWG 的目标是:(1)了解对火星材料进行消毒和/或灭活意味着什么,以及如何将这种理解应用于火星样本返回 (MSR) 任务。(2)评估灭菌和灭活方法,并确定验证这些方法所需的未来工作。(3)提供与其他机构和公众沟通的有效计划。本文总结了 SWG 在这三个研讨会上的讨论和结论。它反映了基于机构如何处理火星材料灭菌问题的定性讨论的共识立场。SWG 达成共识,可以根据我们所知的生物学考虑灭菌方案,对陆地材料和生物有效的灭菌方式应成为 MSR 行星保护战略的一部分。结论指出了几种灭菌的行业标准,包括热、化学、紫外线辐射和低热等离子体。讨论了每种灭菌方式的技术权衡,同时考虑了航天飞行的工程挑战和限制。
更新日期:2021-01-13
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