The networking of virtual reality applications will play an important role in the emerging global Internet of Things (IoT) framework and it is expected to provide the foundation of the expected 5G tactile Internet ecosystem. However, considerable challenges are ahead in terms of technological constraints and infrastructure costs. The raw data rate (5 Gbps–60 Gbps) required achieving an online immersive experience that is indistinguishable from real life vastly exceeds the capabilities of future broadband networks. Therefore, simply providing high bandwidth is insufficient in compensating for this difference, because the demands for scale and supply vary widely. This requires exploring holistic solutions that exceed the traditional network domain, and integrating virtual reality (VR) data capture, encoding, network, and user navigation. Emerging services are extremely inefficient in terms of mass use and data management, which significantly reduces the user experience, due to their heuristic design choices. Other key aspects must be considered, such as wireless operation, ultra-low latency, client/network access, system deployment, edge computing/cache, and end-to-end reliability. A vast number of high-quality works have been published in this area and they will be highlighted in this survey. In addition to a thorough summary of recent progress, we also present an outlook of future developments in the quality of immersive experience networks and unified data set measurement in VR video transmission, focusing on the expansion of VR applications, security issues, and business issues, which have not yet been addressed, and the technical challenges that have not yet been completely solved. We hope that this paper will help researchers and developers to gain a better understanding of the state of research and development in VR.

中文翻译：

---

联网VR：最新技术，解决方案和挑战

虚拟现实应用程序的网络将在新兴的全球物联网（IoT）框架中扮演重要角色，并有望为预期的5G触觉互联网生态系统提供基础。但是，就技术约束和基础设施成本而言，未来仍将面临巨大挑战。实现与现实生活没有区别的在线沉浸式体验所需的原始数据速率（5 Gbps至60 Gbps）大大超出了未来宽带网络的能力。因此，仅简单地提供高带宽不足以补偿这种差异，因为对规模和供应的需求变化很大。这就需要探索超越传统网络领域的整体解决方案，并整合虚拟现实（VR）数据捕获，编码，网络和用户导航。新兴服务在大规模使用和数据管理方面效率极低，由于其启发式设计选择，极大地降低了用户体验。必须考虑其他关键方面，例如无线操作，超低延迟，客户端/网络访问，系统部署，边缘计算/缓存以及端到端可靠性。该领域已经出版了大量高质量的作品，本次调查将重点介绍这些作品。除了对最新进展的全面总结外，我们还对VR视频传输中的沉浸式体验网络的质量和统一数据集测量的未来发展进行了展望，重点关注VR应用程序的扩展，安全问题和业务问题，尚未解决的问题，以及尚未完全解决的技术挑战。我们希望本文将帮助研究人员和开发人员更好地了解VR的研发状况。