Planning and housing policies influence our daily lives. They determine where we live, where we work, where our children study, and the time it takes us to commute between these places. As such, planning and housing policy often affects individuals’ and households’ satisfaction with each of these and determines the price to be paid by anyone who is not satisfied and wishes to make a change. On the basis of this fundamental premise, we set out to examine how Israel’s planning and housing policy has influenced the decision of middle-class families to migrate away from the metropolitan core and the implications of the move for the employment situations of these families, and of women in these families in particular. The analysis is based on a large survey of women and men in Israel who moved away from the heart of the Tel Aviv metropolitan area into smaller municipalities on its outskirts. The study has three theoretical pillars: planning and housing policy, internal migration, and women’s employment. We examine the relationship between these pillars, focusing on its implications for various aspects of women’s employment. The findings show that women are more likely than men to change their place of work following the move and to suffer a decrease in income, and to trade higher-paying jobs for a shorter commute. These findings show how planning and housing policies can increase gender inequality in the labour market and point to how it can be avoided. This issue is relevant today more than ever in the face of the dramatic changes women’s employment has undergone over the last century, and in particular, in face of the current global housing affordability crisis and its impact on migration trends of middle-class families.

规划和住房政策影响着我们的日常生活。它们决定了我们住在哪里，我们在哪里工作，我们的孩子在哪里学习，以及我们在这些地方之间通勤所需的时间。因此，规划和住房政策通常会影响个人和家庭对这些方面的满意度，并决定任何不满意并希望做出改变的人要付出的代价。在这一基本前提的基础上，我们着手研究以色列的规划和住房政策如何影响中产阶级家庭离开大都市核心的决定，以及迁移对这些家庭就业状况的影响，以及尤其是这些家庭中的女性。该分析基于对以色列女性和男性的大规模调查，这些女性和男性从特拉维夫大都市区的中心搬到郊区的较小城市。该研究具有三个理论支柱：规划和住房政策、国内移民和妇女就业。我们研究了这些支柱之间的关系，重点关注其对女性就业各个方面的影响。调查结果表明，女性比男性更有可能在搬家后改变工作地点并遭受收入下降，并以高薪工作换取更短的通勤时间。这些发现表明规划和住房政策如何增加劳动力市场中的性别不平等，并指出如何避免这种不平等。