A decrease in surface albedo over ice‐covered ocean leads to global warming and Arctic‐amplified warming. Numerical results indicate seasonal variation in Arctic amplification (AA) is a result of local forcing and feedbacks in the Arctic. A decrease in surface albedo leads to a positive feedback, which dominates the local forcing and feedback mechanism. Ocean heat storage in the subsurface acts as a heat forcing to delay the influence of surface albedo feedback. In summer (autumn), heat storage increases (discharges) and contributes to a negative (positive) heat forcing, which decreases (increases) the positive local forcing and feedback and triggers the occurrence of the minimum (maximum) AA. In addition, increased CO₂ forcing largely decreases the outgoing longwave radiation at the surface and increases surface temperatures, especially at low latitudes and in the Arctic winters, which decreases the AA magnitude and seasonal variation, although the AA remains nearly the same during winter.

中文翻译：

---

表面反照率，表面温度和二氧化碳在北极放大率季节变化中的作用

覆冰海洋上的地表反照率下降导致全球变暖和北极放大变暖。数值结果表明，北极放大率（AA）的季节性变化是北极局部强迫和反馈的结果。地表反照率的降低会导致正反馈，而正反馈将主导局部强迫和反馈机制。地下的海洋蓄热是一种热强迫，可以延迟地表反照率反馈的影响。在夏季（秋季），蓄热会增加（释放）并导致负（正）热强迫，这会减少（增加）正的局部强迫和反馈，并触发最小（最大）AA的发生。另外，CO ₂增加 强迫在很大程度上减少了地表的长波辐射，并提高了地表温度，特别是在低纬度地区和北极冬季，这降低了机管局的强度和季节变化，尽管机管局在冬季保持不变。