Landslides, as a representative geohazard in fault zones, threaten the safety of buildings and infrastructure. Landslide movements are often subject to multiple loads in urbanized hillslopes from both natural and human activity. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) has been used to measure landslide movements. Used independently, InSAR can measure only surface deformation, and the points are sparse. Numerical modeling can simulate the full-scale movements, but it requires a prior knowledge of soil properties that are often not available in practice. To address these limitations, we proposed to couple InSAR and numerical modeling for characterizing landslide movements under multiple loads. We used 60 ascending and 56 descending Sentinel-1 images to measure surface movements in urbanized Daguan County Town. Of 31 landslides in the inventory map, 24 were successfully identified. The InSAR results assisted in determining the optimal soil properties through back-analysis. We used geological, geotechnical, and meteorological data to set three boundary conditions, that is, body loads, precipitation-induced hydraulic conditions, and construction-induced forces. Landslide mobility was demonstrated more distinctly using the coupled analysis. The numerical results revealed that body loads dominated the cumulative downslope movements by squeezing water and air from voids, and precipitation caused seasonal movements with the direction perpendicular to the slope surface. Construction works caused permanent changes (accelerating and decelerating) in time-series trends. Coupling InSAR and numerical modeling can facilitate analysis of the effects of complex loads and potentially predict future deformation. The method developed can be extended to study other urbanized landslide areas for early warning and risk mitigation.

中文翻译：

---

耦合 InSAR 和数值模型用于表征城市化山坡复杂载荷下的滑坡运动

滑坡作为断层带中具有代表性的地质灾害，威胁着建筑物和基础设施的安全。在城市化的山坡中，滑坡运动通常受到自然和人类活动的多重载荷。合成孔径雷达干涉仪 (InSAR) 已被用于测量滑坡运动。独立使用，InSAR只能测量表面形变，点稀疏。数值建模可以模拟全尺度运动，但它需要土壤特性的先验知识，而这在实践中通常是不可用的。为了解决这些限制，我们建议将 InSAR 和数值建模结合起来，以表征多载荷下的滑坡运动。我们使用 60 个上升和 56 个下降的 Sentinel-1 图像来测量城市化大关县镇的地表运动。在清单地图中的 31 个滑坡中，成功识别了 24 个。InSAR 结果有助于通过反分析确定最佳土壤特性。我们使用地质、岩土和气象数据设置了三个边界条件，即体载荷、降水引起的水力条件和施工引起的力。使用耦合分析更清楚地证明了滑坡的流动性。数值结果表明，体载荷通过挤压空隙中的水和空气来主导累积下坡运动，降水引起垂直于坡面方向的季节性运动。建筑工程导致时间序列趋势的永久性变化（加速和减速）。耦合 InSAR 和数值建模可以促进复杂载荷影响的分析，并有可能预测未来的变形。开发的方法可以扩展到研究其他城市化滑坡区，以进行早期预警和风险缓解。