Microphysiological systems (MPS) designed to study the complexities of the peripheral and central nervous systems have made marked improvements over the years and have allowed researchers to assess in two and three dimensions the functional interconnectivity of neuronal tissues. The recent generation of brain organoids has further propelled the field into the nascent recapitulation of structural, functional, and effective connectivities which are found within the native human nervous system. Herein, we will review advances in culture methodologies, focused especially on those of human tissues, which seek to bridge the gap from 2D cultures to hierarchical and defined 3D MPS with the end goal of developing a robust nervous system-on-a-chip platform. These advances have far-reaching implications within basic science, pharmaceutical development, and translational medicine disciplines.

多年来，旨在研究外周和中枢神经系统复杂性的微生理系统 (MPS) 取得了显着进步，并使研究人员能够在二维和三个维度上评估神经元组织的功能互连性。最近一代的大脑类器官进一步推动了该领域进入了在天然人类神经系统中发现的结构、功能和有效连接的新生再现。在此，我们将回顾培养方法的进步，尤其是人体组织的培养方法，这些方法试图弥合从 2D 培养到分层和定义的 3D MPS 的差距，最终目标是开发强大的神经系统芯片平台. 这些进步对基础科学、药物开发、