This article examines the Virginia Industrial School for Colored Girls (VISCG), the state’s only reformatory for delinquent black girls, which was established by the Virginia State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs in 1915. Rather than punishing them for their adolescent misbehaviors, the founding organization intended to protect troubled black girls from inappropriate incarceration with adults and other state practices of violence and negligence. The founders also intended to prepare these girls for a discriminatory labor market by providing specialized training in the domestic arts and carefully supervised domestic parole placements. A closer look at the practice of domestic parole complicates the neat distinctions between education and incarceration, protection and punishment that the women of the Virginia State Federation made in their public discourse about the school. Instead of special protection, girls committed to the VISCG from courts across the state experienced vulnerability to violence, isolation, and exploitation at the hands of white employers during domestic parole placements. This article argues that the VISCG’s practice of domestic parole, despite the best intentions of school leadership, constituted a mode of carceral violence that warrants more interrogation.

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“所有人类中最不受保护的”：弗吉尼亚州吉姆克劳的黑人女孩、国家暴力和保护范围

本文考察了弗吉尼亚州有色人种女童工业学校 (VISCG)，该学校是该州唯一一所针对犯罪黑人女孩的教养所，该学校由弗吉尼亚州有色人种妇女俱乐部联合会于 1915 年成立。 创始组织并没有因为她们青少年的不当行为而惩罚她们旨在保护陷入困境的黑人女孩免受成年人的不当监禁以及其他国家的暴力和疏忽做法。创始人还打算通过提供家庭艺术方面的专门培训和仔细监督家庭假释安置，让这些女孩为进入歧视性劳动力市场做好准备。仔细观察家庭假释的做法会使教育和监禁之间的清晰区别变得复杂，弗吉尼亚州联合会的妇女在关于学校的公开演讲中提出的保护和惩罚。在家庭假释期间，来自全州法院的 VISCG 的女孩没有受到特殊保护，而是容易受到白人雇主的暴力、孤立和剥削。本文认为，尽管学校领导的意图是最好的，但 VISCG 的家庭假释做法构成了一种需要更多审讯的监狱暴力模式。