Abstract Foreign-born scientists and engineers in the United States make significant contributions to their fields. While some studies of their career outcomes investigate the internal differences among immigrant scientists and engineers, there is little scholarly attention to how immigration status and gender work together in shaping their career outcomes. This study employs the intersectionality framework and uses National Science Foundation’s Survey of Doctorate Recipients 2008, 2010, 2013, 2015, and 2017 to examine how citizenship status and the intersection of citizenship status and gender affect earnings among engineers with doctoral degrees. Findings show that naturalized U.S. citizens do not earn less than comparable native-born citizens, but permanent residents and temporary residents do. In terms of intersectional effects, U.S.-born women experience an earnings disadvantage due to their gender, naturalized U.S. citizen women and permanent resident women face earnings disadvantages because of both citizenship status and gender, and temporary resident women earn less because of their citizenship status. The preceding findings persisted in the period of study with one exception. These findings reveal the internal variations among foreign-born engineers, intersectional effects of citizenship status and gender, and the complexity and persistence of these effects, suggesting the intersectional and enduring nature of inequality.

中文翻译：

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在美国出生的外国博士工程师的收入：国籍和性别的相互关系

摘要在美国出生的外国科学家和工程师为他们的领域做出了重大贡献。尽管一些关于其职业生涯结局的研究调查了移民科学家和工程师之间的内部差异，但学术界很少关注移民身份和性别如何共同塑造职业生涯结局。本研究采用交叉性框架，并使用美国国家科学基金会（National Science Foundation）的2008年，2010年，2013年，2015年和2017年博士学位获得者调查来研究公民身份以及公民身份与性别的交汇如何影响具有博士学位的工程师的收入。调查结果显示，入籍美国公民的收入不会低于可比的本地出生公民，但永久居民和临时居民的收入要低。在交叉效应方面，美国 出生的妇女由于其性别而在收入方面处于不利地位，归化的美国公民妇女和永久居民妇女由于其公民身份和性别而面临收入方面的不利因素，而临时居民的妇女由于其公民身份而收入较低。除一个例外，上述发现在研究期间一直存在。这些发现揭示了外国工程师之间的内部差异，公民身份和性别的交叉影响以及这些影响的复杂性和持久性，表明了不平等的交叉和持久性。临时居民妇女由于其公民身份而收入较低。除一个例外，上述发现在研究期间一直存在。这些发现揭示了外国工程师之间的内部差异，公民身份和性别的交叉影响以及这些影响的复杂性和持久性，表明了不平等的交叉和持久性。临时居民妇女由于其公民身份而收入较低。除一个例外，上述发现在研究期间一直存在。这些发现揭示了外国工程师之间的内部差异，公民身份和性别的交叉影响以及这些影响的复杂性和持久性，表明了不平等的交叉和持久性。