abstract US public anger and desire to avenge the September 11, 2001 terror attacks were redirected toward Iraq partly because of its identity as an Arab and Muslim state. Online panel survey data reveal that citizens who were relatively angry about the terror attacks were more belligerent toward Iraq, an effect that was strongest among those who perceived Arabs and Muslims in monolithic terms. The angry desire to avenge 9/11 was more persistent for those who saw Arabs and Muslims in that light, and its effect on war support was partially mediated by worsened feelings about Arabs and Muslims in general. These findings help explain why public belligerence toward Iraq shot up right after 9/11, before President George W. Bush began alleging that Iraq was pursuing weapons of mass destruction and had ties to al Qaeda.

中文翻译：

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美国公众支持对伊战争的替代报复

摘要 美国公众的愤怒和为 2001 年 9 月 11 日的恐怖袭击报仇的愿望被重新导向伊拉克，部分原因是伊拉克是一个阿拉伯和穆斯林国家。在线小组调查数据显示，对恐怖袭击相对愤怒的公民对伊拉克的态度更加好战，这种影响在那些将阿拉伯人和穆斯林视为整体的人中最为强烈。为 9/11 报仇的愤怒欲望对于那些以这种眼光看待阿拉伯人和穆斯林的人来说更为持久，其对战争支持的影响部分是由于人们对阿拉伯人和穆斯林的总体感觉恶化。这些调查结果有助于解释为什么公众对伊拉克的好战在 9/11 之后立即飙升，然后乔治·W·布什总统开始声称伊拉克正在寻求大规模杀伤性武器并与基地组织有联系。