propaganda to spread further. Woods and Hahner leave the reader on a cynical note: several years after the rise of the Alt-right, we still do not adequately understand how to alleviate these divisions or avoid external interference. In their conclusion, Woods and Hahner try to synthesize these observations and offer strategies or tactics to change our circumstances. First, political and social campaigns must incorporate memes into their strategy. Leftist institutional actors are still ill-equipped to grasp and incorporate memes rhetorically. Memes remain suasory, and the left must adapt to these rhetorical tactics to eschew their humorless ethos. Additionally, scholars must analyze networked publics and demystify the rhetorical nature of memetic discourse, especially in disassembling Alt-right structures. On a broader scale, Woods and Hahner implore educators to emphasize media literacy, allowing social media users to discern disinformation more effectively. Policy changes could limit malicious content online, further curtailing Alt-right circulation. Finally, the authors proffer journalistic guidelines to educate the public about these messages without amplification. The reader must test these strategies and enter these networked cultures to engender a cultural shift to preserve democracy. Make America Meme Again serves as a necessary investigation of memetic discourse and the rhetorics of the Alt-right. We are ill-equipped to engage in effective democratic deliberation with the Alt-right. Memes are not trivial—their banality is the foundation to their success. Woods and Hahner never allow the reader to feel as if memetic discourse is a distraction to politics. The book has an undercurrent of urgency that compels the reader to act. Woods and Hahner are committed to meme literacy, as they offer free teaching resources and workshops at makeamericameme.com. With these tools in hand, Make America Meme Again is designed for a wide variety of audiences. Memetic discourse and Alt-right rhetoric are genres worthy of continued scholarly pursuit, especially by scholars of political, visual, and digital rhetorics. Most importantly, since Alt-right rhetorics affect everyone, Make America Meme Again is accessible to public audiences interested in political and digital discourse. In an educational setting, this book is a great fit for upper-division undergraduate classes, as well as graduate seminars. Future analyses might extend the conversation by investigating whether these discourses have adapted since 2016. It would also be worth exploring if similar strategies are prevalent in other democratic countries. For now, Heather Suzanne Woods and Leslie A. Hahner offer a foundational introduction that will remain indispensable for years to come.

中文翻译：

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数字时代的公民科学：修辞、科学和公众参与

宣传进一步传播。伍兹和哈纳给读者留下了一个愤世嫉俗的注释：在另类右翼崛起几年后，我们仍然没有充分理解如何缓解这些分歧或避免外部干扰。在他们的结论中，伍兹和哈纳试图综合这些观察结果并提供战略或战术来改变我们的环境。首先，政治和社会运动必须将模因纳入其战略。左派机构参与者仍然没有能力在修辞上掌握和整合模因。模因仍然很诱人，左派必须适应这些修辞策略，以避开他们没有幽默感的精神。此外，学者必须分析网络公众并揭开模因话语的修辞性质的神秘面纱，尤其是在分解另类右翼结构时。在更广泛的范围内，Woods 和 Hahner 恳请教育工作者强调媒体素养，让社交媒体用户更有效地辨别虚假信息。政策变化可能会限制在线恶意内容，进一步减少 Alt-right 的流通。最后，作者提供了新闻指南，以在不放大的情况下教育公众了解这些信息。读者必须测试这些策略并进入这些网络化文化，以产生保护民主的文化转变。Make America Meme Again 作为对模因话语和另类右翼修辞的必要调查。我们没有能力与另类右翼进行有效的民主协商。模因并非微不足道——它们的平庸是它们成功的基础。伍兹和哈纳从来没有让读者觉得模因话语是对政治的分心。这本书有一股紧迫感，迫使读者采取行动。Woods 和 Hahner 致力于提高 meme 素养，因为他们在 makeamericameme.com 上提供免费的教学资源和研讨会。有了这些工具，Make America Meme Again 是为各种各样的观众设计的。模因话语和另类右翼修辞是值得继续学术追求的体裁，尤其是政治、视觉和数字修辞学的学者。最重要的是，由于另类右翼言论影响到每个人，因此对政治和数字话语感兴趣的公众可以访问 Make America Meme Again。在教育环境中，本书非常适合高年级本科课程以及研究生研讨会。未来的分析可能会通过调查自 2016 年以来这些话语是否已经适应来扩展对话。类似的策略是否在其他民主国家盛行也值得探讨。目前，Heather Suzanne Woods 和 Leslie A. Hahner 提供了一个在未来几年仍然不可或缺的基础性介绍。