Following steep falls in birth rates in Central and Eastern European countries during the economic and institutional restructuring of the early 1990s, governments made substantial efforts to stop or at least reduce the fertility decline. In Hungary, parents with three or more children could benefit from specific new policy measures: the flat-rate child-rearing support paid from the youngest child's third to eighth birthdays (signalling recognition of stay-at-home motherhood) and a redesigned and upgraded tax relief system. However, the success of these policy measures, if any, is difficult to detect in aggregate statistics. Analysing data from the Hungarian Generations and Gender Survey, we rely on event history methods to examine the policies’ effects on third birth risks, especially among different socio-economic groups. The results indicate that while the child-rearing support increased third birth risks among the least educated, the generous tax relief had a similar effect for parents with tertiary education.

中文翻译：

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现金支持与税收优惠：政策干预对当代匈牙利第三胎的不同影响

在1990年代初期的经济和体制改革期间中欧和东欧国家的出生率急剧下降之后，各国政府作出了巨大努力，以制止或至少减少生育率下降。在匈牙利，有三个或三个以上孩子的父母可以从新的政策措施中受益：从最小的孩子的三岁到八岁生日支付的固定费用抚养子女费用（这标志着对全职母亲的认可）以及经过重新设计和升级的税收减免制度。但是，这些政策措施的成功（如果有的话）很难在总体统计中发现。通过分析来自匈牙利世代和性别调查的数据，我们依靠事件历史方法来检验政策对第三胎风险的影响，尤其是在不同的社会经济群体之间。