ABSTRACT The paper analyses the control of labor mobility through the livret d’ouvriers (1803–1890): a sort of internal passport aiming to subordinate workers’ circulation to the abidance of contract terms. The effective enforcement of livrets had a limited scope for various reasons. Nevertheless, those same difficulties offer a privileged perspective from which to analyze the shifting meanings of freedom and coercion in relation to labor poverty. The politics of identification show that it has been necessary to politically act on the spatial organization of productive processes in order to control labor through time, reacting to workers’ mobility as a specific form of collective bargaining. Through the lens of labor defection we see the emergence of a form of integration deriving from the cash nexus, the vehicle of market concurrence. Such integration calls for a form of control which cannot be subsumed within common law and that is rather axed on the modulation of market pressure – which we analyze through the 1850 debate over advance pay. From this perspective, the issues of breach of contract, police identification and debt insolvency allow to rethink the notion of coercion beyond its penal criminalization and, consequently, to frame the continuities between the police des manufactures, and the modern welfare State.

中文翻译：

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重新思考 livret d'ouvriers：19 世纪法国的时间、空间和“自由”劳动力

摘要 本文通过 livret d'ouvriers (1803–1890) 分析了劳动力流动的控制：一种旨在使工人流动服从合同条款的内部护照。由于各种原因，livrets 的有效执行范围有限。然而，同样的困难提供了一种特殊的视角，可以从中分析自由和强制与劳动贫困相关的不断变化的含义。认同政治表明，有必要对生产过程的空间组织采取政治行动，以便通过时间控制劳动力，将工人的流动性作为集体谈判的一种特定形式做出反应。通过劳动力叛逃的镜头，我们看到了一种源自现金关系的整合形式的出现，这是市场一致的工具。这种整合需要一种不能包含在普通法中的控制形式，而且这种控制形式在市场压力的调节上被砍掉了——我们通过 1850 年关于预付金的辩论进行了分析。从这个角度来看，违约、警察身份识别和债务清偿等问题允许重新思考强制的概念，超越其刑事定罪，并因此构建了制造警察与现代福利国家之间的连续性。