ABSTRACT This article examines the relationship between women munitions workers, the ‘munitionettes,’ in WWI-era Glasgow and Paris and the radical anti-government labor unions. These two cities were the centers of industrial production in Britain and France during the war, and each contained radical, male-dominated labor unions that frequently challenged state authority. In hindsight, the munitionettes were ideal candidates for these radical unions, as they were underpaid and increasingly militant. Despite this, these unions undermined the munitionettes’ work and opposed their movements for better wages and working conditions. This article explores how male-dominated WWI-era labor radicalism failed to incorporate women in the workplace due to gendered notions of work, patriotism and identity. It demonstrates how women developed their own working-class identity, militancy and unions, as they became the most effective strikers during WWI, despite their rejection by the radical labor unions.

中文翻译：

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制造枪支的女性：格拉斯哥和巴黎的弹药以及她们与极左煽动者缺乏互动

摘要 本文考察了第一次世界大战时期格拉斯哥和巴黎的女性军火工人，即“军火工”与激进的反政府工会之间的关系。这两个城市是战时英国和法国的工业生产中心，每个城市都有激进的、男性主导的工会，经常挑战国家权威。事后看来，军火是这些激进工会的理想人选，因为他们的薪酬过低，而且越来越好战。尽管如此，这些工会破坏了军需官的工作，并反对他们争取更好的工资和工作条件的运动。本文探讨了男性主导的第一次世界大战时期的劳工激进主义如何由于工作、爱国主义和身份的性别观念而未能将女性纳入工作场所。