ABSTRACT This article examines the formation of working class identities in Italy and Germany in the decades around 1900. The two ‘belated’ nation states varied considerably in their social, economic and political conditions. While Imperial Germany experienced rapid urbanization and large-scale industrialization, Italy, by contrast, saw the emergence of just a few highly industrialized regions by the end of the century. As a consequence, and despite close contacts between the two countries, the formation of a welfare-state, the rise of the labour movement, and the development of class-consciousness had different chronologies and intensity. This contribution will focus on the emergence of new affiliations in view of the surrounding bourgeois society, the role of women, the influences of agricultural traditions and the level of literacy. The article also highlights how the history of working-class identities was closely related to economic development on both sides of the Alps.

中文翻译：

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从1880年代到第一次世界大战期间在意大利和德国的工人阶级身份

摘要本文考察了1900年左右的几十年中意大利和德国工人阶级身份的形成。这两个“被鞭打的”民族国家的社会，经济和政治状况相差很大。德国帝国经历了快速的城市化和大规模工业化，与此相反，意大利在本世纪末才出现了几个高度工业化的地区。结果，尽管两国之间有着密切的联系，但福利国家的形成，工人运动的兴起以及阶级意识的发展却有着不同的时间顺序和强度。鉴于周围的资产阶级社会，妇女的作用，农业传统的影响和识字水平，这一贡献将集中在出现新的隶属关系上。