The strain-sensing, self-curing and self-heating capabilities of a 3D printed circuit made of a graphene nanoplatelet and carbon nanotube reinforced resin, have been widely explored. These materials exhibit high Joule’s heating effect capabilities that can be used for post-curing processes. More specifically, the values of glass transition temperature reached by Joule’s heating post-curing were very similar to those obtained by conventional oven heating. The temperature profile along each individual ribbon was relatively homogeneous, being an indicative of a good nanoparticle dispersion, confirmed by field emission gun scanning electron microscope analysis. Furthermore, the proposed printed circuits showed excellent strain-sensing capabilities with a much higher strain sensitivity, with a gauge factor of 6–8, in comparison to conventional metallic gauges or bulk nanocomposites, with a gauge factor of around 2, showing also good linearity. In addition, the breakage of individual ribbons can be easily detected by the strain-sensing system as a sharp increase of the electrical resistance. Finally, temperature compensation tests showed that, in case of printed ribbon breakage, it is possible to keep constant the average temperature of the circuit by raising the applied voltage to avoid ice accretion. Thus, with none to two broken ribbons, the 3D printed circuit can act as an efficient anti-icing and de-icing system.

已经广泛地探索了由石墨烯纳米片和碳纳米管增强树脂制成的3D印刷电路的应变感测，自固化和自加热能力。这些材料具有很高的焦耳热效应能力，可用于后固化过程。更具体地说，通过焦耳加热后固化达到的玻璃化转变温度的值与通过常规烤箱加热获得的那些非常相似。通过场发射枪扫描电子显微镜分析证实，沿着每个单独的带的温度分布是相对均匀的，表明纳米颗粒具有良好的分散性。此外，拟议的印刷电路还具有出色的应变感应能力，应变灵敏度更高，应变系数为6-8，与常规金属规格或块状纳米复合材料相比，规格因子约为2，也显示出良好的线性。另外，由于电阻的急剧增加，应变传感系统可以容易地检测出各个带的断裂。最后，温度补偿测试表明，在打印色带断裂的情况下，可以通过提高施加的电压来避免结冰，从而使电路的平均温度保持恒定。因此，在没有断裂的色带的情况下，3D打印电路可以充当有效的防冰和除冰系统。最后，温度补偿测试表明，在打印色带断裂的情况下，可以通过提高施加的电压来避免结冰，从而使电路的平均温度保持恒定。因此，在没有断裂的色带的情况下，3D打印电路可以充当有效的防冰和除冰系统。最后，温度补偿测试表明，在打印色带断裂的情况下，可以通过提高施加的电压来避免结冰，从而使电路的平均温度保持恒定。因此，在没有断裂的色带的情况下，3D打印电路可以充当有效的防冰和除冰系统。