The TESS-Keck Survey. II. An Ultra-short-period Rocky Planet and Its Siblings Transiting the Galactic Thick-disk Star TOI-561,The Astronomical Journal

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The TESS-Keck Survey. II. An Ultra-short-period Rocky Planet and Its Siblings Transiting the Galactic Thick-disk Star TOI-561
The Astronomical Journal ( IF 5.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-11 , DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/abd409
Lauren M. Weiss ₁ , Fei Dai ₂ , Daniel Huber ₁ , John M. Brewer ₃ , Karen A. Collins ₄ , David R. Ciardi ₅ , Elisabeth C. Matthews ₆ , Carl Ziegler ₇ , Steve B. Howell ₈ , Natalie M. Batalha ₉ , Ian J. M. Crossfield ₁₀ , Courtney Dressing ₁₁ , Benjamin Fulton ₁₂ , Andrew W. Howard ₁₃ , Howard Isaacson _{14,

15} , Stephen R. Kane ₁₆ , Erik A Petigura ₁₇ , Paul Robertson ₁₈ , Arpita Roy ₁₃ , Ryan A. Rubenzahl ₁₃ , Joseph D. Twicken _{8,

19} , Zachary R. Claytor ₁ , Keivan G. Stassun ₂₀ , Mason G. MacDougall ₁₇ , Ashley Chontos ₁ , Steven Giacalone ₂₁ , Paul A. Dalba ₁₆ , Teo Mocnik ₂₂ , Michelle L. Hill ₁₆ , Corey Beard ₁₈ , Joseph M. Akana Murphy ₂₃ , Lee J. Rosenthal ₁₃ , Aida Behmard ₂₄ , Judah Van Zandt ₁₇ , Jack Lubin ₁₈ , Molly R. Kosiarek ₂₃ , Michael B. Lund ₅ , Jessie L. Christiansen ₅ , Rachel A. Matson ₂₅ , Charles A. Beichman ₅ , Joshua E. Schlieder ₂₆ , Erica J. Gonzales ₂₇ , Csar Briceo ₂₈ , Nicholas Law ₂₉ , Andrew W. Mann ₂₉ , Kevin I. Collins ₃₀ , Phil Evans ₃₁ , Akihiko Fukui _{32,

33} , Eric L. N. Jensen ₃₄ , Felipe Murgas _{35,

36} , Norio Narita _{35,

37,

38,

39} , Enric Palle _{35,

36} , Hannu Parviainen _{35,

36} , Richard P. Schwarz ₄₀ , Thiam-Guan Tan ₄₁ , Jack S. Acton ₄₂ , Edward M. Bryant ₄₃ , Alexander Chaushev ₄₄ , Sam Gill ₄₃ , Philipp Eigmller ₄₅ , Jon Jenkins ₈ , George Ricker ₄₆ , Sara Seager _{47,

48,

49} , Joshua N. Winn ₅₀

Affiliation

Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Caltech/IPAC, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Observatorie de lniversit de Genve, 51 Chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kansas, 1082 Malott,1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
501 Campbell Hall, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
NASA Exoplanet Science Institute/Caltech-IPAC, MC 314-6, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
Vanderbilt University, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 6301 Stevenson Center Lane, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Gemini Observatory, Northern Operations Center, 670 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
US Naval Observatory, 3450 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20392, USA
Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, Mail Code 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena 1700000, Chile
Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255, USA
George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
El Sauce Observatory, Coquimbo Province, Chile
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Instituto de Astrofsica de Canarias, Va Lctea s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore PA 19081, USA
Instituto de Astrofsica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Departamento de Astrofsica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
JST, PRESTO, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
Astrobiology Center, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
Patashnick Voorheesville Observatory, Voorheesville, NY 12186, USA
Perth Exoplanet Survey Telescope, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, TU Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA

We report the discovery of TOI-561, a multi-planet system in the galactic thick disk that contains a rocky, ultra-short period planet (USP). This bright ($V=10.2$) star hosts three small transiting planets identified in photometry from the NASA TESS mission: TOI-561 b (TOI-561.02, P=0.44 days, $R_b = 1.45\pm0.11\,R_\oplus$), c (TOI-561.01, P=10.8 days, $R_c=2.90\pm0.13\,R_\oplus$), and d (TOI-561.03, P=16.3 days, $R_d=2.32\pm0.16\,R_\oplus$). The star is chemically ([Fe/H]$=-0.41\pm0.05$, [$\alpha$/H]$=+0.23\pm0.05$) and kinematically consistent with the galactic thick disk population, making TOI-561 one of the oldest ($10\pm3\,$Gyr) and most metal-poor planetary systems discovered yet. We dynamically confirm planets b and c with radial velocities from the W. M. Keck Observatory High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer. Planet b has a mass and density of $3.2\pm0.8\,M_\oplus$ and $5.5^{+2.0}_{-1.6}\,$g$\,$cm$^{-3}$, consistent with a rocky composition. Its lower-than-average density is consistent with an iron-poor composition, although an Earth-like iron-to-silicates ratio is not ruled out. Planet c is $7.0\pm2.3\,M_\oplus$ and $1.6\pm0.6\,$g$\,$cm$^{-3}$, consistent with an interior rocky core overlaid with a low-mass volatile envelope. Several attributes of the photometry for planet d (which we did not detect dynamically) complicate the analysis, but we vet the planet with high-contrast imaging, ground-based photometric follow-up and radial velocities. TOI-561 b is the first rocky world around a galactic thick-disk star confirmed with radial velocities and one of the best rocky planets for thermal emission studies.

中文翻译：

TESS-Keck 调查。二、超短周期岩质行星及其同胞穿越银河厚盘星 TOI-561

我们报告发现了 TOI-561，这是一个位于银河厚盘中的多行星系统，其中包含一颗岩石超短周期行星 (USP)。这颗明亮的 ($V=10.2$) 恒星拥有美国宇航局 TESS 任务测光中确定的三颗小型凌日行星：TOI-561 b (TOI-561.02, P=0.44 天, $R_b = 1.45\pm0.11\,R_\ oplus$)、c（TOI-561.01，P=10.8 天，$R_c=2.90\pm0.13\,R_\oplus$）和 d（TOI-561.03，P=16.3 天，$R_d=2.32\pm0。 16\,R_\oplus$)。这颗恒星在化学上 ([Fe/H]$=-0.41\pm0.05$, [$\alpha$/H]$=+0.23\pm0.05$) 和运动学上与银河厚盘群一致，使得 TOI -561 迄今为止发现的最古老（$10\pm3\,$Gyr）和最缺乏金属的行星系统之一。我们通过 WM Keck 天文台高分辨率阶梯光谱仪以径向速度动态确认行星 b 和 c。行星 b 的质量和密度为 $3.2\pm0.8\,M_\oplus$ 和 $5.5^{+2.0}_{-1.6}\,$g$\,$cm$^{-3}$，与岩石组成。尽管不排除类似地球的铁与硅酸盐的比例，但其低于平均密度的密度与贫铁成分一致。行星 c 是 $7.0\pm2.3\,M_\oplus$ 和 $1.6\pm0.6\,$g$\,$cm$^{-3}$，与内部岩石核心覆盖着低质量挥发物一致信封。行星 d 的光度测量的几个属性（我们没有动态检测到）使分析复杂化，但我们通过高对比度成像、基于地面的光度跟踪和径向速度来审查这颗行星。TOI-561 b 是第一个围绕银河厚盘星的岩石世界，经径向速度证实，也是热辐射研究中最好的岩石行星之一。6}\,$g$\,$cm$^{-3}$，符合岩石成分。尽管不排除类似地球的铁与硅酸盐的比例，但其低于平均密度的密度与贫铁成分一致。行星 c 是 $7.0\pm2.3\,M_\oplus$ 和 $1.6\pm0.6\,$g$\,$cm$^{-3}$，与内部岩石核心覆盖着低质量挥发物一致信封。行星 d 的光度测量的几个属性（我们没有动态检测到）使分析复杂化，但我们通过高对比度成像、基于地面的光度跟踪和径向速度来审查这颗行星。TOI-561 b 是第一个围绕银河厚盘星的岩石世界，经径向速度证实，也是热辐射研究中最好的岩石行星之一。6}\,$g$\,$cm$^{-3}$，符合岩石成分。尽管不排除类似地球的铁与硅酸盐的比例，但其低于平均密度的密度与贫铁成分一致。行星 c 是 $7.0\pm2.3\,M_\oplus$ 和 $1.6\pm0.6\,$g$\,$cm$^{-3}$，与内部岩石核心覆盖着低质量挥发物一致信封。行星 d 的光度测量的几个属性（我们没有动态检测到）使分析复杂化，但我们通过高对比度成像、基于地面的光度跟踪和径向速度来审查这颗行星。TOI-561 b 是第一个围绕银河厚盘星的岩石世界，经径向速度证实，也是热辐射研究中最好的岩石行星之一。尽管不排除类似地球的铁与硅酸盐的比例，但其低于平均密度的密度与贫铁成分一致。行星 c 是 $7.0\pm2.3\,M_\oplus$ 和 $1.6\pm0.6\,$g$\,$cm$^{-3}$，与内部岩石核心覆盖着低质量挥发物一致信封。行星 d 的光度测量的几个属性（我们没有动态检测到）使分析复杂化，但我们通过高对比度成像、基于地面的光度跟踪和径向速度来审查这颗行星。TOI-561 b 是第一个围绕银河厚盘星的岩石世界，经径向速度证实，也是热辐射研究中最好的岩石行星之一。尽管不排除类似地球的铁与硅酸盐的比例，但其低于平均密度的密度与贫铁成分一致。行星 c 是 $7.0\pm2.3\,M_\oplus$ 和 $1.6\pm0.6\,$g$\,$cm$^{-3}$，与内部岩石核心覆盖着低质量挥发物一致信封。行星 d 的光度测量的几个属性（我们没有动态检测到）使分析复杂化，但我们通过高对比度成像、基于地面的光度跟踪和径向速度来审查这颗行星。TOI-561 b 是第一个围绕银河厚盘星的岩石世界，经径向速度证实，也是热辐射研究中最好的岩石行星之一。与覆盖有低质量挥发性包层的内部岩石核心一致。行星 d 的光度测量的几个属性（我们没有动态检测到）使分析复杂化，但我们通过高对比度成像、基于地面的光度跟踪和径向速度来审查这颗行星。TOI-561 b 是第一个围绕银河厚盘星的岩石世界，经径向速度证实，也是热辐射研究中最好的岩石行星之一。与覆盖有低质量挥发性包层的内部岩石核心一致。行星 d 的光度测量的几个属性（我们没有动态检测到）使分析复杂化，但我们通过高对比度成像、基于地面的光度跟踪和径向速度来审查这颗行星。TOI-561 b 是第一个围绕银河厚盘星的岩石世界，经径向速度证实，也是热辐射研究中最好的岩石行星之一。

更新日期：2021-01-11

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