The rich linguistic, ethnic and cultural diversity of Ethiopia provides an unprecedented opportunity to understand the level to which cultural factors correlate with -- and shape -- genetic structure in human populations. Using primarily novel genetic variation data covering 1,214 Ethiopians representing 68 different ethnic groups, together with information on individuals' birthplaces, linguistic/religious practices and 31 cultural practices, we disentangle the effects of geographic distance, elevation, and social factors upon shaping the genetic structure of Ethiopians today. We provide evidence of associations between social behaviours and increased genetic differences among present-day peoples. We show that genetic similarity is broadly associated with linguistic classifications, but indicate pronounced genetic similarity among groups from disparate language classifications that may in part be attributable to recent intermixing. We also illustrate how groups reporting the same culture traits are more genetically similar on average and show evidence of recent intermixing, suggesting how shared cultural traits may promote admixture. In addition to providing insights into the genetic structure and history of Ethiopia, these results identify the most important cultural and geographic proxies for genetic differentiation and provide a resource for designing sampling protocols for future genetic studies involving Ethiopians.

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埃塞俄比亚的遗传景观：多样性，相互融合以及与文化的联系

埃塞俄比亚丰富的语言，种族和文化多样性提供了前所未有的机会，可以了解文化因素与人口遗传结构相关的水平，并影响其遗传结构。利用主要涵盖来自68个不同种族的1,214埃塞俄比亚人的新颖遗传变异数据，以及有关个人出生地，语言/宗教习俗和31种文化习俗的信息，我们可以弄清地理距离，海拔和社会因素对塑造遗传结构的影响今天的埃塞俄比亚人。我们提供了社会行为与当今人群之间遗传差异增加之间的关联的证据。我们证明了遗传相似性与语言分类广泛相关，但表示不同语言分类的群体之间存在明显的遗传相似性，这可能部分归因于最近的混音。我们还说明了报告相同文化特征的群体平均而言在遗传上如何更相似，并显示了近期混杂的证据，这表明共享的文化特征如何促进混合。这些结果除了提供对埃塞俄比亚的遗传结构和历史的见识之外，还确定了遗传分化最重要的文化和地理代理，并为设计涉及埃塞俄比亚人的未来遗传研究的采样方案提供了资源。我们还说明了报告相同文化特征的群体平均而言在遗传上如何更相似，并显示了近期混杂的证据，这表明共享的文化特征如何促进混合。这些结果除了提供对埃塞俄比亚的遗传结构和历史的见识之外，还确定了遗传分化最重要的文化和地理代理，并为设计涉及埃塞俄比亚人的未来遗传研究的采样方案提供了资源。我们还说明了报告相同文化特征的群体平均而言在遗传上更相似的情况，并显示了近期混杂的证据，这表明共享的文化特征如何促进混合。这些结果除了提供对埃塞俄比亚的遗传结构和历史的见识之外，还确定了遗传分化最重要的文化和地理代理，并为设计涉及埃塞俄比亚人的未来遗传研究的采样方案提供了资源。