Mitochondria are structurally and functionally distinct organelles that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), to provide energy to spermatozoa. They can also produce reactive oxidation species (ROS). While a moderate concentration of ROS is critical for tyrosine phosphorylation in cholesterol efflux, sperm–egg interaction, and fertilization, excessive ROS generation is associated with male infertility. Moreover, mitochondria participate in diverse processes ranging from spermatogenesis to fertilization to regulate male fertility. This review aimed to summarize the roles of mitochondria in male fertility depending on the sperm developmental stage (from male reproductive tract to female reproductive tract). Moreover, mitochondria are also involved in testosterone production, regulation of proton secretion into the lumen to maintain an acidic condition in the epididymis, and sperm DNA condensation during epididymal maturation. We also established the new signaling pathway using previous proteomic data associated with male fertility, to understand the overall role of mitochondria in male fertility. The pathway revealed that male infertility is associated with a loss of mitochondrial proteins in spermatozoa, which induces low sperm motility, reduces OXPHOS activity, and results in male infertility.

中文翻译：

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男性生育中的线粒体功能：从生精到受精

线粒体是结构和功能上不同的细胞器，它们通过氧化磷酸化（OXPHOS）产生三磷酸腺苷（ATP），从而为精子提供能量。它们还可以产生反应性氧化物质（ROS）。尽管适度的ROS对于酪氨酸磷酸化，胆固醇流出，精子-蛋相互作用和受精至关重要，但过多的ROS产生与男性不育有关。此外，线粒体参与从生精到受精以调节男性生育力的各种过程。这篇综述旨在总结线粒体在男性生殖力中的作用，具体取决于精子的发育阶段（从男性生殖道到女性生殖道）。此外，线粒体也参与睾丸激素的产生，调节质子向管腔的分泌，以维持附睾的酸性状态，并在附睾成熟过程中使精子DNA凝聚。我们还使用与男性生育力相关的先前蛋白质组学数据建立了新的信号传导途径，以了解线粒体在男性生育力中的总体作用。该途径表明，男性不育与精子中线粒体蛋白的丢失有关，从而导致精子活动力降低，OXPHOS活性降低并导致男性不育。