This paper reviews the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in insects, rodents, and pets. Insects (e.g., houseflies, cockroaches), rodents (rats, mice), and pets (dogs, cats) act as reservoirs of AMR for first-line and last-resort antimicrobial agents. AMR proliferates in insects, rodents, and pets, and their skin and gut systems. Subsequently, insects, rodents, and pets act as vectors that disseminate AMR to humans via direct contact, human food contamination, and horizontal gene transfer. Thus, insects, rodents, and pets might act as sentinels or bioindicators of AMR. Human health risks are discussed, including those unique to low-income countries. Current evidence on human health risks is largely inferential and based on qualitative data, but comprehensive statistics based on quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) are still lacking. Hence, tracing human health risks of AMR to insects, rodents, and pets, remains a challenge. To safeguard human health, mitigation measures are proposed, based on the one-health approach. Future research should include human health risk analysis using QMRA, and the application of in-silico techniques, genomics, network analysis, and ’big data’ analytical tools to understand the role of household insects, rodents, and pets in the persistence, circulation, and health risks of AMR.

中文翻译：

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昆虫，啮齿动物和宠物作为抗药性的贮藏物，媒介和哨兵

本文综述了昆虫，啮齿动物和宠物中抗菌素耐药性（AMR）的发生情况。昆虫（例如，家蝇，蟑螂），啮齿动物（大鼠，小鼠）和宠物（狗，猫）充当第一线和最后使用的抗菌剂的AMR储库。AMR在昆虫，啮齿动物和宠物及其皮肤和肠道系统中繁殖。随后，昆虫，啮齿动物和宠物充当媒介，通过直接接触，人类食物污染和水平基因转移将AMR传播给人类。因此，昆虫，啮齿动物和宠物可能会充当AMR的前哨或生物指示物。讨论了人类健康风险，包括低收入国家特有的风险。当前有关人类健康风险的证据在很大程度上是推论性的，并基于定性数据，但是仍然缺乏基于定量微生物风险评估（QMRA）的综合统计数据。因此，追踪AMR对昆虫，啮齿动物和宠物的人类健康风险仍然是一个挑战。为了保护人类健康，基于一种健康方法，提出了缓解措施。未来的研究应包括使用QMRA进行的人类健康风险分析，以及计算机技术，基因组学，网络分析和“大数据”分析工具的应用，以了解家用昆虫，啮齿动物和宠物在持久性，循环，和AMR的健康风险。