ABSTRACT

This article analyses the frequently neglected synergies, past and present, between community-oriented policing (COP) and community-centred military interventions in Latin America. From the vantage point of Brazilian pacification efforts, from the Global Cold War to the Global War on Terror, it is argued that COP is a transnational security governance rationale that emerged during the Global Cold War out of the discovery of the ‘community’ as a key target for military interventions seeking to counter the presence of non-state armed actors challenging state authority. This underlying logic survived the end of the Cold War, including in Latin America. In the post-9/11 context COP efforts returned to their militarized Cold War origins, when local security bureaucracies (re)discovered the usefulness of engaging with local communities in order to confront challenges to state power from non-stated armed actors, such as gangs and drug traffickers. This argument will be elaborated through an analysis of on one of the most recent Latin American COP ‘success stories’: the pacification programme operating in Rio de Janeiro since 2008. Drawing on historical and contemporary policy documents, as well as multi-sited empirical fieldwork, the transnational historical entanglements of domestic and external pacification experiences will be highlighted, allowing us to point towards the negative potentials of militarising COP efforts in regards to the inclusiveness of democratic security governance.

摘要

本文分析了拉丁美洲以社区为导向的警务 (COP) 和以社区为中心的军事干预之间过去和现在经常被忽视的协同作用。从巴西和平努力的角度，从全球冷战到全球反恐战争，人们认为 COP 是一种跨国安全治理理论，它是在全球冷战期间发现“共同体”作为军事干预的主要目标，旨在对抗挑战国家权威的非国家武装行为体的存在。这一基本逻辑在冷战结束后仍然存在，包括在拉丁美洲。在 9/11 之后的背景下，COP 的努力又回到了军事化的冷战起源，当地方安全官僚机构（重新）发现与当地社区接触以应对来自非国家武装行为体（例如帮派和毒贩）对国家权力的挑战时。这一论点将通过对拉丁美洲 COP 的最新“成​​功故事”之一的分析进行阐述：自 2008 年以来在里约热内卢实施的和平计划。借鉴历史和当代政策文件，以及多地点实地调查，将突出国内外和平经验的跨国历史纠葛，使我们能够指出军事化缔约方会议努力在民主安全治理的包容性方面的负面潜力。