ABSTRACT

People travel by car for a wide variety of reasons. A large proportion of household travel is for non-commuting purposes, including social and recreational journeys. The emergence and (potential) diffusion of highly automated vehicles, also known as autonomous vehicles (AVs), could transform the way (some) people work and travel. Should they become mainstream, AVs could reshape patterns of leisure travel. To date, however, the impacts and implications of AVs beyond commuting trips have received minimal attention from transport scholarship. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of literatures on AVs. It follows PRISMA guidelines and synthesises 63 papers on AV travel focusing on non-commuting journeys, including travel for purposes of leisure, tourism, shopping and visiting friends and relatives. Given the economic importance of the tourism sector and its inherent focus on non-commuting journeys, this analysis is supplemented with a review of the extent to which national tourism strategies of countries leading AV deployment include reference to AVs. The paper reveals an overwhelming focus on commuting journeys in existing AV studies as less than one-fifth of the reviewed academic sources include non-commuting as part of their wider analysis. The review's further key findings are that the interest of publics in AVs for leisure journeys appears to exceed that for commuting, sharing vehicles will be less likely when AVs are used for leisure and there is an absence of recognition in the literature that certain non-commuting journeys will require a lower SAE level of automation. Surprisingly, analysis of the national tourism strategies of countries most prepared to meet the challenges of AVs shows that just three countries make specific reference to AVs within their national tourism strategies. The paper contributes to setting future AV policy agendas by concluding that two gaps must be narrowed: one, the distance between how academic studies predominantly conceive of AV use (commuting) and articulated public interest in AVs for non-commuting journeys; and two, the lack of readiness in certain national tourism strategies to accommodate AVs. As non-commuting journeys are likely to represent some of the earliest trip purposes for which AVs could be adopted, the paper points to the potential barriers to AV uptake by remaining focused on a limited set of trip purposes.

摘要

人们出于各种原因开车旅行。很大一部分家庭旅行是出于非通勤目的，包括社交和娱乐旅行。高度自动化车辆（也称为自动驾驶汽车 (AV)）的出现和（潜在）扩散可能会改变（某些）人们的工作和出行方式。如果它们成为主流，自动驾驶汽车可能会重塑休闲旅行的模式。然而，迄今为止，除了通勤旅行之外，自动驾驶汽车的影响和意义很少受到交通奖学金的关注。本文对有关自动驾驶汽车的文献进行了最先进的回顾。它遵循PRISMA指南，综合了63篇关于AV旅行的论文，重点关注非通勤旅行，包括以休闲、旅游、购物和探亲访友为目的的旅行。鉴于旅游业的经济重要性及其对非通勤旅行的固有关注，本分析补充了对引领自动驾驶部署的国家的国家旅游战略在多大程度上包括对自动驾驶的参考的审查。该论文揭示了现有 AV 研究对通勤旅程的压倒性关注，因为只有不到五分之一的审查学术资料将非通勤作为其更广泛分析的一部分。该评论的进一步主要发现是，公众对休闲旅行的自动驾驶汽车的兴趣似乎超过了通勤，当自动驾驶汽车用于休闲时，共享车辆的可能性较小，并且文献中没有认识到某些非通勤旅程将需要较低的 SAE 自动化水平。出奇，对最准备好迎接自动驾驶汽车挑战的国家的国家旅游战略的分析表明，只有三个国家在其国家旅游战略中特别提到了自动驾驶汽车。该论文得出的结论是必须缩小两个差距，从而有助于制定未来的自动驾驶政策议程：第一，学术研究如何主要设想自动驾驶汽车的使用（通勤）与明确表达的公众对非通勤旅行自动驾驶汽车的兴趣之间的距离；第二，某些国家旅游战略缺乏适应自动驾驶汽车的准备。由于非通勤旅行可能代表一些最早可以采用自动驾驶汽车的旅行目的，因此本文指出了通过继续关注有限的一组旅行目的来使用自动驾驶汽车的潜在障碍。