Abstract Public officials must not only comply with administrative procedures based on administrative rulebooks but also follow particular procedures requested by their supervisors in a bureaucratic system, which might be even more significant in a hierarchical culture. Noting that the impact of hierarchical procedures on red tape perception has not been extensively examined, this study investigates the potential difference in the effects of administrative and hierarchical procedures on the perception of red tape. Using a 2 × 2 × 2 experiment design to examine the effects of the nature of procedures, outcome favorability, and degree of procedures, vignette-based experiments were conducted for empirical analysis. This study suggests that the red tape perception resulting from hierarchical procedures is only significantly affected by the nature of outcomes (positive versus negative) and not by the degree of hierarchical procedures. In contrast the red tape perception related to administrative procedures is affected by both outcome favorability and degree of procedures. Among various Confucian values, this study also finds that face-saving and humility affect the perception of red tape.

中文翻译：

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是什么让行政和等级程序更加繁重？程序程度、结果有利性和儒家价值观对繁文缛节认知的影响

摘要 在官僚体制下，公职人员不仅要遵守基于行政规章制度的行政程序，还要遵守上级要求的特定程序，这在等级文化中可能更为重要。注意到分级程序对繁文缛节认知的影响尚未得到广泛研究，本研究调查了行政程序和分级程序对繁文缛节认知的潜在影响。使用 2 × 2 × 2 实验设计来检查程序性质、结果有利性和程序程度的影响，进行了基于小插图的实验以进行实证分析。这项研究表明，分级程序导致的繁文缛节认知仅受结果性质（正面与负面）的显着影响，而不受分级程序程度的影响。相比之下，与行政程序相关的繁文缛节认知受结果有利性和程序程度的影响。在各种儒家价值观中，本研究还发现，面子和谦虚会影响人们对繁文缛节的看法。