ABSTRACT

This paper outlines the roles of gross domestic spending on research and development (R&D) and gross capital formation in the innovation process and detects their contribution to this improvement. The analysis is conducted for Turkey for the period 1990-2017 using annual time-series data. Our findings suggest a bidirectional causal link between all variables of interest and prove that R&D can be a significant driving force for the Turkish innovation process. Most of the research and development activities in Turkey have been performed by universities. Herein, it is of key importance for the Turkish government to increase public expenditure, especially on education, since human capital plays an important role in building innovation capacity.

摘要

本文概述了国内研发总支出（R＆D）和总资本形成在创新过程中的作用，并探讨了它们对这种改进的贡献。使用年度时间序列数据对土耳其进行了1990-2017年期间的分析。我们的发现表明，所有感兴趣的变量之间存在双向因果关系，并证明研发可以成为土耳其创新过程的重要推动力。土耳其的大部分研发活动都是由大学进行的。在此，土耳其政府必须增加公共支出，特别是在教育方面的支出，因为人力资本在创新能力建设中起着重要作用。