Abstract

Purpose

Radon (Rn) is a radioactive, odorless, and colorless gas which has a half-life of 3.83 days. One of the main sources of Rn which is directly consumed by the population is Groundwater (Tube well, Bore well, Hand pump). Radon gas is found naturally in rock, soil and water and can be considered as main health risk factor in terms of lung cancer, stomach diseases, leukemia and childhood cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of radon in the drinking water sources, appraisal of health risk for children in District Bannu, Pakistan.

Material and method

Total of 98 drinking water samples were analyzed by using RAD-7 detector. The experimental data was statistically analyzed by using Pearson’s test. The experimental and epidemiological data of the study area are shown on map using ArcGIS version 10.5.

Results

The analytical results show that Rn in drinking water was found varying from 10.1 Bq/l to 53.1Bq/l with the average highest and lowest depth of 60ft to 550ft respectively. Pearson’s test was used to show the concentration of Rn verses the depth of the water sources so +1 positive linear correlation was observed among the depth of water sources and the concentration of Rn. Out of 98 drinking water samples 40 sample were above the maximum contaminant level of 11.1Bq/l (MCL) set by WHO, 2002 .The effective doses (AED and DE_ing) for children ranges from 0.00001 to 3.792 mSv/y which exceeds the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of Rn (0.1mSv/y) in 30 drinking water samples . On the basis of analytical results Rn high concentration areas are shown on the map using IDW model of interpolation and health risks were shown in areas where Rn content was above the maximum contaminant level. High correlations of diseases related to Rn were observed amongst the residence of the study area. Gastrointestinal diseases, brain tumor, lung cancer and kidney diseases were observed among the children of the study area.

Conclusion

From the overall analysis it was observed that high radon concentration in drinking water may cause substantial health damage in children after long term exposure.

中文翻译：

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班努地区（巴基斯坦）使用分析和地理空间技术对儿童Rad源的调查，健康危害和风险评估

摘要

目的

on（Rn）是一种放射性，无味和无色的气体，半衰期为3.83天。人口直接消耗的Rn的主要来源之一是地下水（管井，井筒，手动泵）。rock气天然存在于岩石，土壤和水中，就肺癌，胃部疾病，白血病和儿童期癌症而言，可被视为主要的健康危险因素。这项研究的目的是确定饮用水中sources的浓度，评估巴基斯坦班努地区儿童的健康风险。

材料和方法

使用RAD-7检测器分析了98个饮用水样品。使用皮尔森检验对实验数据进行统计分析。使用ArcGIS 10.5版在地图上显示了研究区域的实验和流行病学数据。

结果

分析结果表明，饮用水中的Rn从10.1 Bq / l到53.1Bq / l不等，平均最高和最低深度分别为60ft至550ft。Pearson检验用于显示Rn浓度与水源深度的关系，因此在水源深度与Rn浓度之间观察到+1正线性相关。在98个饮用水样品中，有40个样品高于WHO 2002年设定的最大污染物水平11.1Bq / l（AED和DE _ing）对于儿童）范围从0.00001到3.792 mSv / y，超过了30个饮用水样本中Rn的允许暴露极限（PEL）（0.1mSv / y）。根据分析结果，使用IDW插值模型在地图上显示Rn高浓度区域，并在Rn含量高于最大污染物水平的区域显示健康风险。在研究区域的住所中发现了与Rn相关的疾病的高度相关性。在研究区域的儿童中观察到胃肠道疾病，脑肿瘤，肺癌和肾脏疾病。

结论

从总体分析来看，长期接触后，饮用水中高ra浓度可能会对儿童造成严重的健康损害。