ABSTRACT

The game theory concept has been adapted for energy management between energy producers and consumers in the presence of renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EVs). The objective of the paper is to increase the penetration of renewable energy sources and EVs by the Stackelberg game theory model with real-time pricing. RES are the energy generation sources located near load centers to manage the demand of consumers. The primary objective of EV is transportation, but for managing the energy demand, EV participate in grid operations as a back up source of energy. EV are charged during off-peak hours and discharged to the grid during peak hours. Consumers benefited in terms of higher payoffs to supply energy during peak hours. To increase the payoffs, consumers can shift their appliance operation from high price duration to low price duration and create a new peak energy consumption. To maintain the balance between consumers and utility, an optimization tool is essential. The Stackelberg game theory model is a one leader and N followers’ game, the leader first declares the energy price and the follower respond by selecting their best response for energy consumption. The leader can update its strategy again by considering the follower best response to obtain maximum benefits. The process to achieve the best response of the follower and leader is called the Stackelberg nash equilibrium. Objective of energy producers is to supply maximum energy through renewable energy sources and the use of EVs as storage units. The prime objective of consumers is to minimize energy tariff by scheduling the appliances.

摘要

在存在可再生能源（RES）和电动汽车（EV）的情况下，博弈论的概念已适应能源生产商和消费者之间的能源管理。本文的目的是通过具有实时定价的Stackelberg博弈模型来提高可再生能源和电动汽车的普及率。RES是位于负荷中心附近的能源产生源，用于管理消费者的需求。电动汽车的主要目标是运输，但是为了管理能源需求，电动汽车作为备用能源参与电网运营。EV在非高峰时段充电，并在高峰时段放电至电网。消费者受益于高峰时段更高的能源供应收益。为了增加收益，消费者可以将他们的设备操作从高价格持续时间转变为低价格持续时间，并创造新的峰值能耗。为了在消费者和公用事业之间保持平衡，必须使用优化工具。Stackelberg博弈论模型是一个领导者，在跟随者的游戏中，领导者首先宣布能源价格，跟随者通过选择对能耗的最佳反应来做出反应。领导者可以通过考虑跟随者的最佳响应以获取最大利益，从而再次更新其策略。实现跟随者和领导者最佳响应的过程称为Stackelberg纳什均衡。能源生产商的目标是通过可再生能源和使用电动汽车作为存储单元来提供最大的能源。消费者的主要目标是通过安排电器来最大程度地降低能源价格。