Abstract

The Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya (HKKH) range is called the third pole of the world due to heavy ice storage. Passu Glacier is one of the HKKH range glaciers in Pakistan. In the present study, Passu glacier is explored geochemically, recovered psychrophilic fungi, and screened for their biotechnological applications. Geochemistry of the glacial samples revealed a high amount of dissolved free amino acids (tyrosine and adenosine), major ions (acetate, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺), and heavy metals (Fe, Cr and Zn). A total of 27 isolated fungi belonged to 13 genera including Antrodia, Beauveria, Cladosporium, Dothideomycetes Fontanospora, Mrakia, Penicillium, Phoma, Pleosporales, Pseudeurotium, Pseudogymnoascus, Sporobolomyces and Trichoderma with the abundance of Penicillium followed by Mrakia. The majority of isolated fungi grew well at a wide range of temperature (4–37°C), while some grew at 45°C as well, pH 1–13 and in the presence of 2–26% of NaCl. Many isolates inhibited the growth of tested bacteria and fungi. The activity of Fontanospora sp. LP5 was quite promising. The study isolates also produced commercially important extracellular enzymes. The strain Sporobolomyces ruberrimus LP6 produced 6 different types of enzymes such as amylase, cellulase, deoxyribonuclease, lipase, phosphatase and protease. This study reports first-ever geochemical analysis and fungal diversity possessing the potential of producing a wide range of antimicrobial metabolites and extracellular enzymes from Passu glacier.

摘要

由于蓄冰量大，兴都库什山脉，喀喇昆仑山脉和喜马拉雅山脉（HKKH）被称为世界第三极。帕苏冰川是巴基斯坦的HKKH系列冰川之一。在本研究中，对Passu冰川进行了地球化学研究，回收了嗜冷真菌，并对其生物技术应用进行了筛选。冰川样品的地球化学显示大量溶解的游离氨基酸（酪氨酸和腺苷），主要离子（乙酸根，Ca ²⁺和Mg ²⁺）以及重金属（Fe，Cr和Zn）。总共27种分离的真菌属于13个属，包括牛樟芝，球孢白僵菌，枝孢菌属， 白蚁菌，凤头孢菌属，Mrakia，青霉菌，Phoma，蛇志菌，假单胞菌属，假单胞菌属，孢子菌属和木霉与青霉丰富，其次是Mrakia。大多数分离的真菌在很宽的温度范围（4–37°C）下生长良好，而有些真菌也在45°C，pH 1–13和2–26％的NaCl存在下生长。许多分离株抑制了被测细菌和真菌的生长。Fontanospora sp。的活动。LP5很有前途。该研究菌株还产生了商业上重要的细胞外酶。应变掷孢ruberrimusLP6产生6种不同类型的酶，例如淀粉酶，纤维素酶，脱氧核糖核酸酶，脂肪酶，磷酸酶和蛋白酶。这项研究报告了有史以来的首次地球化学分析和真菌多样性，具有从帕苏冰川生产广泛的抗菌代谢物和细胞外酶的潜力。