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Putative resistance and tolerance mechanisms have little impact on disease progression for an emerging salamander pathogen
Functional Ecology ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-11 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13754 Mark Q. Wilber 1, 2 , Edward Davis Carter 2 , Matthew J. Gray 2 , Cheryl J. Briggs 1
中文翻译：
假定的抗性和耐受性机制对新兴sal病原体的疾病进展影响很小
更新日期：2021-01-11
Functional Ecology ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-11 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13754 Mark Q. Wilber 1, 2 , Edward Davis Carter 2 , Matthew J. Gray 2 , Cheryl J. Briggs 1
Affiliation
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- Resistance and tolerance are unique host defence strategies that can limit the impacts of a pathogen on a host. However, for most wildlife–pathogen systems, there are still fundamental uncertainties regarding (a) how changes in resistance and tolerance can affect disease outcomes and (b) the mechanisms underlying resistance and tolerance in host populations.
- Here, we first compared observed patterns of resistance and tolerance and their effects on disease outcomes among salamander species that are susceptible to infection and mortality from the emerging fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). We then tested whether two putative mechanisms that contribute to host resistance and tolerance, skin sloughing and skin lesion reduction, predicted reduced Bsal growth rate or increased host survival during infection, respectively.
- We performed multi‐dose Bsal challenge experiments on four species of Salamandridae found throughout North America. We combined the laboratory experiments with dynamic models and sensitivity analysis to examine how changes in load‐dependent resistance and tolerance functions affected Bsal‐induced mortality risk. Finally, we used our disease model to test whether skin sloughing and lesion reduction predicted variability in infection outcomes not described by Bsal infection intensity.
- We found that resistance and tolerance differed significantly among salamander species, with the most susceptible species being both less resistance and less tolerant of Bsal infection. Our dynamic model showed that the relative influence of resistance versus tolerance on host survival was species‐dependent—increasing resistance was only more influential than increasing tolerance for the least tolerant species where changes in pathogen load had a threshold‐like effect on host survival. Testing two candidate mechanisms of resistance and tolerance, skin sloughing and lesion reduction, respectively, we found limited support that either of these processes were strong mechanisms of host defence.
- Our study contributes to a broader understanding of resistance and tolerance in host–pathogen systems by showing that differences in host tolerance can significantly affect whether changes in resistance or tolerance have larger effects on disease outcomes, highlighting the need for species and even population‐specific management approaches that target host defence strategies.
中文翻译：
假定的抗性和耐受性机制对新兴sal病原体的疾病进展影响很小
- 抗药性和耐受性是独特的宿主防御策略，可以限制病原体对宿主的影响。但是，对于大多数野生生物-病原体系统而言，仍然存在根本的不确定性，这些不确定性包括：（a）耐药性和耐受性的变化如何影响疾病的结果以及（b）宿主种群中耐药性和耐受性的潜在机制。
- 在这里，我们首先比较观察到的sal和and之间的抗药性和耐受性模式及其对疾病后果的影响，sal和species对易受新兴真菌病原体Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans（Bsal）感染和死亡的影响。然后，我们测试了两种可能有助于宿主抵抗力和耐受力，皮肤脱落和皮肤病变减少的推测机制是否分别预测了Bsal生长速率降低或感染期间宿主存活率提高。
- 我们对整个北美发现的四种am科进行了多剂量Bsal攻击实验。我们将实验室实验与动态模型和敏感性分析相结合，以研究依赖于负荷的抗性和耐受功能的变化如何影响Bsal诱发的死亡风险。最后，我们使用我们的疾病模型来测试皮肤脱落和病变减少是否可以预测感染结果的变异性，而Bsal感染强度则无法描述该变异性。
- 我们发现sal和species之间的抗性和耐受性显着不同，最易感的物种对Bsal感染的抗性和耐受性均较低。我们的动态模型表明，抗性与耐受性对寄主生存的相对影响取决于物种，对于病原体负荷变化对寄主生存具有阈值效应的最低耐受性物种，增加抗性仅比增加耐受性更具影响力。分别测试了两个候选抗性和耐受性机制，皮肤脱落和病变减少，我们发现有限的支持意见认为这两个过程都是宿主防御的强大机制。
- 我们的研究表明宿主耐受性的差异会显着影响耐药性或耐受性的变化是否会对疾病结果产生更大影响，从而有助于更广泛地理解宿主-病原体系统中的耐药性和耐受性，从而突出了对物种甚至种群特异性管理的需求针对主机防御策略的方法。
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