LoRa serves as one of the most deployed technologies in Internet-of-Things-based information systems (IoT-IS), and self-motivated deployment is the key to the rollout of LoRa. Proper incentive can play an important role in encouraging the private deployment of LoRa, increasing coverage and promoting effective management of IoT-IS. However, existing incentive mechanisms have the vulnerabilities of insecure centralized architecture and excessive utility loss of LoRa Controllers and Gateways, due to asymmetric information between private owners of gateways and centralized controller (or service providers). Blockchain-based LoRa networks, as a promising solution, have not been comprehensively studied to address the vulnerabilities, let alone the other issues of security, scalability, and flexibility. In this paper, we propose a novel Dual-Chained LoRa-based information system (LoRa-IS) to provide globally cross-validated security. Behaviors, including state-of-the-art contract-theoretic incentive mechanism and new flow control protocol, can be secured with the tamper-resistance of Blockchains. Being part of the proposed incentive mechanism, the new self-driven flow control allows both the Dual-Chain system and the LoRa network to scale. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed system is the first comprehensive Blockchain-based LoRa-IS combined with contract theory. We also provide analysis and simulations, showing that our system can pay fair incentives under information asymmetry. With the new flow control, the system can optimize network coverage while improving the Blockchain scalability and flexibility.

LoRa是基于物联网的信息系统（IoT-IS）中部署最多的技术之一，自发部署是LoRa推出的关键。适当的激励措施可以在鼓励LoRa的私人部署，扩大覆盖范围和促进IoT-IS的有效管理方面发挥重要作用。但是，由于网关的私有所有者和中央控制器（或服务提供商）之间的信息不对称，因此现有的激励机制具有不安全的集中式体系结构以及LoRa控制器和网关的实用程序损失过多的漏洞。作为有前途的解决方案，基于区块链的LoRa网络尚未得到全面研究以解决漏洞，更不用说安全性，可伸缩性和灵活性等其他问题了。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的基于LoRa的双链信息系统（LoRa-IS），以提供全局交叉验证的安全性。可以通过区块链的防篡改来确保行为，包括最新的合同理论激励机制和新的流控制协议。作为提议的激励机制的一部分，新的自驱动流量控制允许双链系统和LoRa网络进行扩展。据我们所知，提出的系统是第一个结合合同理论的全面的基于区块链的LoRa-IS。我们还提供了分析和模拟，表明我们的系统可以在信息不对称的情况下支付公平的奖励。借助新的流控制，系统可以优化网络覆盖范围，同时提高区块链的可扩展性和灵活性。