Develop a facile green route to synthesize various metal oxide nanoparticles is a critical task in green nanotechnology. The present work documented the utilization of Piper nigrum seed extract to synthesis zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to identify the crystalline formation of ZnO NRs. The X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) determined the atomic concentration of ZnO NRs. The arisen of a peak at 380 nm in the UV–vis DRS spectroscopy also affirmed the production of ZnO NRs. The transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis revealed the length of 415 nm and width 30.6 nm of the ZnO NRs. The synthesized ZnO NRs forcefully impeded the Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) growth by concentration-dependent manner. Further, the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis confirms the morphological changes and membrane damage in ZnO NRs treated S. aureus and E. coli bacterial cultures. The degradation efficacy of ZnO NRs against methylene blue was achieved by 97.32% within 150 min in sunlight exposure, and the pseudo-first-order rate of constant was determined of about 0.0194 min⁻¹. The present report reveals the better usage of ZnO-based nanomaterials for medical and environmental dye degradation applications.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

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用Piper nigrum种子提取物合成的氧化锌纳米棒的抗菌和光催化方面

开发一条可行的绿色路线来合成各种金属氧化物纳米粒子是绿色纳米技术的关键任务。本工作记录了 黑胡椒 种子提取物用于合成氧化锌纳米棒（ZnO NRs）的情况。X射线衍射（XRD）分析用于鉴定ZnO NR的晶体形成。X射线光子光谱法（XPS）确定了ZnO NRs的原子浓度。紫外可见DRS光谱中380 nm处出现一个峰也证实了ZnO NRs的产生。透射电子显微镜（TEM）分析显示ZnO NR的长度为415 nm，宽度为30.6 nm。合成的ZnO NRs有力地阻碍了 大肠杆菌 （E. coli）和 金黄色葡萄球菌 （Staphylococcus aureus）（金黄色葡萄球菌）以浓度依赖性方式生长。此外，扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析证实了经ZnO NRs处理的金黄色葡萄球菌 和 大肠杆菌 细菌培养物中的形态变化和膜损伤 。ZnO NRs对亚甲基蓝的降解效率在阳光照射下150分钟内达到97.32％，确定的拟一级反应常数约为0.0194 min ^-1。本报告揭示了基于ZnO的纳米材料在医学和环境染料降解应用中的更好使用。

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