Background

The critical values for heavy metal fluxes for protecting the human health and ecosystem’s integrity in Germany, especially the Federal Immission Control Act (BImSchG in Gesetz zum Schutz vor schädlichen Umwelteinwirkungen durch Luftverunreinigungen, Geräusche, Erschütterungen und ähnliche Vorgänge (Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz-BImSchG), 1974/2020) with its implementing ordinances (especially the 39th BImSchV in Neununddreißigste Verordnung zur Durchführung des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes Verordnung über Luftqualitätsstandards und Emissionshöchstmengen vom 2. August 2010, zuletzt geändert durch Art. 2 V v. 18.7.2018 I 1222, 2010, 2018), the Federal Soil Protection Ordinance (BBodSchV in Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung (BBodSchV) (GBBl. I S. 1554 vom 12. Juli 1999, zuletzt durch Artikel 3 Absatz 4 der Verordnung vom 27. September 2017 (BGBl. I S. 3465) ge-ändert, 1999/2015) and the Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control (Luft in Erste Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Bundes–Immissionsschutzgesetz (Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft – TA Luft), 2002), were analysed, assessed with regard to the possibilities and applicability of the risk assessment, and were prepared for evaluation in comparison to the respective atmospheric deposition modelled with the chemical transport model LOTOS-EUROS. For a comparison of the critical values, the critical loads for cadmium, lead and mercury inputs were updated for Germany on a scale of 1:1 Mio, and critical loads for additional heavy metals (arsenic, copper, zinc, chromium and nickel) were computed, respectively. Due to the methodological differences of their derivation, the critical values of the individual regulations are only conditionally comparable to one another and to the critical loads. Sometimes major differences exist due to different levels of protection, various protective goods and the effect relationship. Only with the critical load calculations, inputs and outputs can be balanced.

Results

For two unregulated metals (thallium and vanadium) a preliminary rough estimate of the risk of inputs in the receptors was provided as a calculated balance for in- and acceptable outputs. The uncertainty analysis shows, that the highest deviations occurred in the metal contents in plants used to calculate the output through the harvesting of the biomass. The critical load calculation has the highest sensitivity to changes in the pH value. The critical loads for heavy metal fluxes for protecting the human health (CL(M)_drink) and ecosystem’s integrity CL(M)_eco) for arsenic, nickel, zinc and chromium were not exceeded in Germany for 2009–2011. CL(M)_drink and CL(M)_eco are exceeded by Hg and Pb inputs, especially in the low rainfall regions of Germany (Brandenburg, lowlands of Saxony-Anhalt, Leipzig Bay, Ruhr valley) with wood vegetation; in addition CL(Cu)_eco is exceeded by copper deposition 2010 in the area surrounding Berlin and in the Ruhr valley. The critical loads for cadmium for the protection of drinking water CL(Cd)_drink and for the protection of human food from wheat products CL(Cd)_food are not exceeded in the German data set due to atmospheric deposition in 2010, but in the worst-case scenario the maximum atmospheric deposition in 2010 could exceeded the lowest CL(Cd)_drink and CL(Cd)_food.

Conclusions

That assessment of risks was based on deposition from the atmosphere, which represents only a fraction of the inputs compared to the inputs from the use of fertilisers and other sources. This study suggests the conclusive recommendation to methodically deepen and broaden the assessment and evaluation of atmospheric deposition. This is especially true for the spatial validation and specification of exposure for ecosystem types.

中文翻译：

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在德国评估大气中重金属沉积与生态系统完整性和人类健康的相关性

背景

2017年9月（BGBl。I S. 3465）ge-ändert，1999/2015）和《空气质量控制技术说明》（Erste Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Bundes–Immissionsschutzgesetz中的Luft（Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft – TA Luft），2002）分析，评估风险评估的可能性和适用性，并与使用化学迁移模型LOTOS-EUROS建模的相应大气沉积物进行比较，准备进行评估。为了比较临界值，德国以1：1 Mio的比例更新了镉，铅和汞输入的临界负载，并增加了其他重金属（砷，铜，锌，铬和镍）的临界负载。分别计算。由于推导方法的差异，各个法规的临界值只能在条件上相互比较，并且可以与临界负荷相比较。有时，由于保护级别不同，保护产品和效果关系不同而存在重大差异。只有通过临界负载计算，输入和输出才能达到平衡。

结果

对于两种不受管制的金属（th和钒），初步估算了接收器中输入的风险，作为输入内和可接受输出的计算平衡。不确定性分析表明，最大的偏差发生在植物中的金属含量中，这些金属含量用于通过收获生物量来计算产量。临界负荷计算对pH值的变化具有最高的敏感性。2009-2011年，德国未超过保护砷，镍，锌和铬的重金属通量以保护人体健康（CL（M）_饮料）和生态系统完整性CL（M）_eco的关键负荷。CL（M）_饮料和CL（M）_eco汞和铅的摄入量超过了汞，特别是在德国的低雨量地区（勃兰登堡州，萨克森-安哈尔特州低地，莱比锡湾，鲁尔河谷），木质植被；此外，2010年柏林周边地区和鲁尔河谷地区的铜沉积超过了CL（Cu）_eco。由于2010年的大气沉积，未超过德国数据集中用于保护饮用水CL（Cd）_饮料和保护人类食品免受小麦产品CL（Cd）_食品中镉的临界负荷，但在最坏的情况下在这种情况下，2010年的最大大气沉积量可能超过最低的CL（Cd）_饮料和CL（Cd）_食品。

结论

风险评估是基于大气中的沉积物，与化肥和其他来源的投入相比，这仅占投入的一小部分。这项研究提出了有条理的建议，以系统地加深和扩大对大气沉积物的评估和评价。对于生态系统类型的空间验证和暴露指标，尤其如此。