Abstract The nature, causes, and effects of immediate conscious leisure experiences have long been central interests of scholars. Significant contributions to the field include Abraham Maslow’s studies of ecstasy and peak experience, Sigmund Koch’s descriptions of two forms of consciousness, John Neulinger’s classification of immediate conscious experiences based on their motivational contexts, Michael J. Ellis’ application of arousal theory to play, Howard and Diane Tinsley’s theory of the leisure experience, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s career of inquiry into the “flow” phenomenon, and recently, the theory of structured experience (TSE). This paper reviews research on leisure as immediate conscious experience relating to development of TSE and informs new propositions strengthening the original theory (TSE 2.0) by (a) interpreting TSE in the context of previous research on leisure as immediate conscious experience of leisure, (b) summarizing, integrating, and critiquing research conducted to test propositions of TSE, and (c) proposing revisions to TSE based on completed research.

中文翻译：

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作为直接意识体验的休闲：结构化体验理论的基础、评价和扩展

摘要 即时有意识的休闲体验的性质、原因和影响长期以来一直是学者们的核心兴趣。该领域的重大贡献包括亚伯拉罕·马斯洛对狂喜和高峰体验的研究，西格蒙德·科赫对两种意识形式的描述，约翰·纽林格根据动机背景对直接意识体验进行分类，迈克尔·J·埃利斯将唤醒理论应用于游戏，霍华德和 Diane Tinsley 的休闲体验理论，Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi 对“流动”现象的调查生涯，以及最近的结构化体验理论（TSE）。本文回顾了将休闲作为与 TSE 发展相关的直接意识体验的研究，并为加强原始理论 (TSE 2.