ABSTRACT In the early 2010s, Zanzibar and coastal Kenya witnessed the rise of assertive secessionist grassroots movements articulating perceived injustices committed by ‘upcountry’/mainland ruling elites. While on the islands, the Jumuiya ya Uamsho na Mihadhara ya Kiislam (Organisation for Islamic Awareness and Propagation) championed the breaking up of the Tanzanian Union, in Kenya, the Mombasa Republican Council actively campaigned for the creation of an independent coastal state. Locating these groups within two distinct histories of contentious politics, the article asserts that even though in both cases the temporary salience of secessionism revolved around controversial processes of (post-)colonial state formation, the overall dynamics of sub-nationalist mobilisation that have unfolded in Zanzibar and coastal Kenya since the early 1990s differ fundamentally. Specifically, the article demonstrates how and why it is only in Zanzibar that sub-nationalism has emerged as a viable political project. Furthermore, it shows that while in the archipelago, sub-nationalism and political Islam have become deeply interwoven, in coastal Kenya, they have emerged as separate strands of contention. Exploring and accounting for these differences, the article challenges the notion of two convergent paths of regional separatism grounding in the history of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.

中文翻译：

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在基层争夺与精英操纵之间：桑给巴尔和肯尼亚沿海的亚民族主义

摘要在2010年代初期，桑给巴尔和肯尼亚沿海地区见证了断断续续的分裂主义基层运动的兴起，这些运动清楚地表明了“内陆” /大陆统治精英所犯下的不公正待遇。在这些岛屿上时，伊斯兰意识和传播组织Jumuiya ya Uamsho na Mihadhara ya Kiislam倡导解散坦桑尼亚联盟，而在蒙巴萨共和党委员会积极倡导建立一个独立的沿海国家。该文章将这些群体定位于两个有争议的政治历史中，声称即使在这两种情况下，分裂主义的暂时性都围绕着（后）殖民国家形成的争议过程，自1990年代初以来，桑给巴尔和肯尼亚沿海地区展开的次国家主义动员的总体动力在根本上有所不同。具体而言，本文论证了在桑给巴尔只有次民族主义才是可行的政治项目的方式和原因。此外，它表明，虽然在群岛中，次国家主义和政治伊斯兰教已经深深地交织在一起，但在肯尼亚沿海地区，它们却成为了单独的争论点。在探究和解释这些差异时，本文对基于桑给巴尔苏丹国历史的区域分裂主义的两条聚合路径的概念提出了挑战。它表明，虽然在群岛中，次国家主义和政治伊斯兰教已经深深地交织在一起，但在肯尼亚沿海地区，它们却已成为相互独立的争论点。在探究和解释这些差异时，本文对基于桑给巴尔苏丹国历史的区域分裂主义的两条聚合路径的概念提出了挑战。它表明，虽然在群岛中，次国家主义和政治伊斯兰教已经深深地交织在一起，但在肯尼亚沿海地区，它们却已成为相互独立的争论点。在探究和解释这些差异时，本文对基于桑给巴尔苏丹国历史的区域分裂主义的两条聚合路径的概念提出了挑战。