ABSTRACT

In the aftermath of the far-right rally in Charlottesville that led to the murder of counter-protester Heather Heyer in August 2017, attention turned to the reaction by extremists on far-right websites and their vitriolic language against Heyer. Such rhetoric evidenced the intertwined nature of white supremacy and misogyny. The modern far-right movement grew in reaction to social changes such as greater equality across gender and racial lines. Feminist perspectives on male violence offer competing hypotheses where greater gender inequality may lead to less (backlash) or greater (ameliorative) violence. The current study uses data on homicides committed by far-right extremists from the United States Extremist Crime Database (ECDB) to assess far-right violence as an outcome of gender inequality. Results show that counties with greater gender inequality, in favor of men, in occupation and income, experience a decrease in the odds of a far-right homicide occurring. Once a far-right homicide occurs, gender inequality in occupation has a further pacifying effect as greater inequality is associated with a decline in far-right violence. Taken together, these findings provide support for the backlash hypothesis as they demonstrate that greater gender equality is associated with far-right violence.

摘要

在夏洛茨维尔举行的极右翼集会导致2017年8月反抗议者希瑟·海耶（Heather Heyer）被谋杀后，注意力转向了极端主义者在极右网站上的反应以及他们对海耶的讽刺性语言。这样的言论证明了白人至上和厌女症的相互交织。现代极右翼运动是对社会变化的反应，例如在性别和种族界限上的更大平等。女权主义者关于男性暴力的观点提供了相互竞争的假设，其中更大的性别不平等可能导致更少（强烈反对）或更大（改善）的暴力。本研究使用来自美国极端主义犯罪数据库（ECDB）的极右翼极端分子犯下的凶杀案数据，评估了由于性别不平等而导致的极右翼暴力。结果表明，性别不平等更大的县，在职业和收入上都偏爱男性的县，发生极右翼杀人案的几率降低了。一旦发生极右端凶杀案，职业中的性别不平等现象将进一步平和，因为更大的不平等现象与极右端暴力事件的减少有关。综上所述，这些发现为反冲假说提供了支持，因为它们证明了更大的性别平等与极右派的暴力行为有关。