Autarkic indigenous societies are changing fast from increased engagement with markets. Western writers have ascribed a wide array of often contradictory effects to markets, including greater sociability, increased consumption of temptation goods, greater industriousness, and lower adherence to local beliefs. We test the four hypotheses using data from Tsimane’, a native Amazonian society in Bolivia. 500 participants aged ≥16y were tracked annually for nine consecutive years (2002–2010). We partially redress biases from two-way causality by estimating associations between measures of market engagement in earlier years of the study with outcomes in later years. We found support for negative and positive effects: engagement with markets was associated with a higher likelihood of consuming commercial alcohol, but also with more industriousness and a higher likelihood of exhibiting prosocial behavior. Some associations were only present for men, and some differed by age.

中文翻译：

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市场参与和原住民：检验西方知识分子传统的假设

自给自足的土著社会正在因与市场接触的增加而迅速变化。西方作家将一系列通常相互矛盾的影响归因于市场，包括社交能力增强、诱惑商品的消费增加、更勤奋以及对当地信仰的依从性降低。我们使用来自玻利维亚亚马逊土著社区 Tsimane' 的数据来检验这四个假设。连续九年（2002-2010）每年对500名≥16岁的参与者进行跟踪。我们通过估计研究早期的市场参与度量与后期的结果之间的关联，部分纠正了双向因果关系的偏见。我们发现了消极和积极影响的支持：与市场接触与消费商业酒精的可能性更高有关，但也更勤奋，更可能表现出亲社会行为。有些关联只存在于男性，有些则因年龄而异。