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“It is All He Can Do to Cope with the Roads in His Own District”: Labor, Community, and Development in Northern Ghana, 1919–1936
International Labor and Working-Class History ( IF 0.563 ) Pub Date : 2017-01-01 , DOI: 10.1017/s0147547917000102
Alice Wiemers

In the 1920s and 1930s, colonial officials in Ghana's Northern Territories formulated the first development plans for this hinterland region. Administrators recast local roads and bridges as instruments of agricultural production and began to pursue small-scale resettlement efforts. In the absence of colonial funding, officials layered the requirements of development onto existing forced labor policies that took northerners to the cocoa- and gold-producing South. Using records from neighboring districts in the Northern Province, this article asks how demands for labor helped define the practice, experience, and limits of colonial authority. Intraregional mobility became a particular concern of officials as northerners began to “vote with their feet” to avoid forced labor. This article examines knotty cases in which questions of migration drew officials into local struggles to attract followers and manage the burdens of an extractive state. Northerners forced colonial officials to treat labor not just as something that could be extracted from bodies, but also as a political act involving subjects, chiefs, and officials. This article concludes in the early 1930s, when signers of the ILO's Forced Labour Convention formalized exceptions for labor that was demanded in the “direct interest of the community” or constituted “minor communal services.” Far from eliminating state claims to labor, these initiatives increasingly enshrined them in emerging practices of development.

中文翻译:

“他能做的就是应付自己所在地区的道路”:1919年至1936年在加纳北部的劳工,社区和发展

在1920年代和1930年代,加纳北部地区的殖民地官员制定了该腹地地区的第一个发展计划。管理者将当地的道路和桥梁改造为农业生产的手段,并开始进行小规模的安置工作。在没有殖民资金的情况下,官员们将发展的要求放到了现有的强迫劳动政策上,这些政策将北方人带到了生产可可和黄金的南方。本文使用北部省份附近地区的记录,询问对劳动力的需求如何帮助定义殖民地权力的实践,经验和限制。随着北方人开始“用脚投票”以避免强迫劳动,区域内流动成为官员们特别关注的问题。本文考察了一些棘手的案例,在这些案例中,移民问题使官员们陷入了为吸引追随者和管理采摘国负担而进行的局部斗争。北方人迫使殖民地官员不仅将劳动视为可以从尸体中提取的东西,而且还将其视为涉及臣民,酋长和官员的政治行为。本文的结论是1930年代初,当时国际劳工组织的《强迫劳动公约》的签署者正式规定了为“社区的直接利益”或构成“次要公共服务”而要求的例外劳动。这些举措并没有消除国家对劳动的要求,反而越来越将它们纳入新兴的发展实践中。北方人迫使殖民地官员不仅将劳动视为可以从尸体中提取的东西,而且还将其视为涉及臣民,酋长和官员的政治行为。本文的结论是1930年代初,当时国际劳工组织的《强迫劳动公约》的签署者正式规定了为“社区的直接利益”或构成“次要公共服务”而要求的例外劳动。这些举措并没有消除国家对劳动的要求,反而越来越将它们纳入新兴的发展实践中。北方人迫使殖民地官员不仅将劳动视为可以从尸体中提取的东西,而且还将其视为涉及臣民,酋长和官员的政治行为。本文的结论是1930年代初,当时国际劳工组织的《强迫劳动公约》的签署者正式规定了为“社区的直接利益”或构成“次要公共服务”而要求的例外劳动。这些举措并没有消除国家对劳动的要求,反而越来越将它们纳入新兴的发展实践中。《强迫劳动公约》正式规定了为“社区的直接利益”要求或构成“次要公共服务”的例外情况。这些举措并没有消除国家对劳动的要求,反而越来越将它们纳入新兴的发展实践中。《强迫劳动公约》正式规定了为“社区的直接利益”要求或构成“次要公共服务”的例外情况。这些举措并没有消除国家对劳动的要求,反而越来越将它们纳入新兴的发展实践中。
更新日期:2017-01-01
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