This article examines the social makeup of the early Qajar administration or chancery ( dīvān ). Using a wide range of Persian sources, the article focuses on those individuals who held offices in the dīvān and traces their family, social, and geographic backgrounds, highlights their marital ties, and reveals their sources of economic and social prestige. In doing so, the article draws attention to patterns of continuity and change between Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar rule, and to the familial and informal nature of political power during the early Qajar period (1785–1834). Ultimately the article suggests that an analysis of the social makeup of the dīvān , and of what political office-holders actually do, offers a more fruitful pathway for understanding the formation of Qajar Iran than a focus on institutions and political structures.

中文翻译：

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家族国家：精英家族、部长办公室和伊朗卡扎尔的形成

本文考察了早期卡扎尔政府或大法官 (dīvān) 的社会构成。文章使用广泛的波斯资料，重点关注那些在 dīvān 担任职务的个人，并追溯他们的家庭、社会和地理背景，突出他们的婚姻关系，并揭示他们的经济和社会声望的来源。为此，本文提请注意萨法维、阿夫沙里德、赞德和卡扎尔统治之间的连续性和变化模式，以及卡扎尔早期（1785-1834 年）政治权力的家庭和非正式性质。文章最终表明，与关注机构和政治结构相比，对 dīvān 的社会构成以及政治公职人员的实际行为进行分析，为理解 Qajar 伊朗的形成提供了更富有成效的途径。