The cholera and plague pandemics of the 19th and early 20h centuries shaped Ottoman state-building and expansionist efforts in Iraq and the Gulf in significant ways. For Ottoman officials, these pandemics brought attention to the possible role of Qajar and British subjects in spreading cholera and plague, as well as the relationship between Iraq's ecology and recurring outbreaks. These developments paved the way for the expansion of Ottoman health institutions, such as quarantines, and the emergence of new conceptions of public health in the region. Specifically, quarantines proved instrumental not only to the delineation of the Ottoman–Qajar border, but also to defining an emerging Ottoman role in shaping Gulf affairs. Moreover, the Ottomans’ use of quarantines and simultaneous efforts to develop sanitary policies informed by local ecological realities signal a localized and ad hoc approach to disease prevention that has been overlooked. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that environmental factors operating on global and regional scales were just as important as geopolitical factors in shaping Ottoman rule in Iraq and the Gulf during the late Ottoman period.

中文翻译：

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霍乱和瘟疫全球危机期间的奥斯曼帝国：来自伊拉克和海湾的观点

19 世纪和 20 世纪初的霍乱和瘟疫流行以重要的方式塑造了奥斯曼帝国在伊拉克和海湾地区的国家建设和扩张主义努力。对于奥斯曼帝国官员来说，这些流行病使人们关注卡扎尔和英国臣民在传播霍乱和瘟疫中可能发挥的作用，以及伊拉克生态与反复爆发之间的关系。这些发展为奥斯曼帝国卫生机构的扩张铺平了道路，例如隔离区，以及该地区公共卫生新概念的出现。具体而言，隔离证明不仅有助于划定奥斯曼-卡扎尔边界，而且有助于确定奥斯曼在塑造海湾事务中的新兴角色。而且，奥斯曼帝国采用隔离措施并同时根据当地生态现实制定卫生政策，这标志着一种被忽视的局部和特别的疾病预防方法。最终，这项研究表明，在塑造奥斯曼帝国晚期在伊拉克和海湾地区的奥斯曼统治方面，在全球和区域范围内运作的环境因素与地缘政治因素同样重要。