In this contribution the focus is on nationalism, i.e. the view that one’s own country and people are unique and superior, implying a negative comparison with regard to other national groups and countries. The research questions we set out to answer are: (1) what are the cross-national differences and trends in nationalism across Europe? (2) Which individual and national characteristics can explain these differences and changes in nationalism in European countries? We use high-quality cross-national data from 20 countries from the ‘National Identity’ modules of the International Social Survey Programme, collected in 1995, 2003 and 2013. Considerable differences between countries were found; however, within countries the level of nationalism remained rather stable over the period from 1995 to 2013.

在这篇文章中，重点是民族主义，即认为自己的国家和人民是独一无二的和优越的，这意味着与其他民族群体和国家的负面比较。我们着手回答的研究问题是：（1）欧洲民族主义的跨国差异和趋势是什么？（2）哪些个人和民族特征可以解释欧洲国家民族主义的这些差异和变化？我们使用来自 20 个国家的高质量跨国数据，这些数据来自于 1995 年、2003 年和 2013 年国际社会调查计划的“国民身份”模块。发现国家之间存在相当大的差异；然而，在 1995 年至 2013 年期间，国家内部的民族主义水平保持相当稳定。