Attempts to simplify ethics in war by claiming exclusive legitimate authority for the law of armed conflict underestimate the moral complexities facing soldiers. Soldiers risk wrongdoing if they refuse moral guidance that can independently evaluate their legal permissions. State soldiers need to know when to object to a legal duty to fight; nonstate fighters need to know when to disregard legal prohibitions against fighting. And both might sometimes best discharge their moral duties by following a bespoke rule departing from noncombatant immunity in a principled way that has been designed for a particular conflict by an authoritative leadership.

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战争中的正当性和合法性：论士兵道德指导的来源

试图通过主张武装冲突法的专属合法权威来简化战争伦理，低估了士兵面临的道德复杂性。如果士兵拒绝可以独立评估其合法许可的道德指导，他们就有可能犯错。国家士兵需要知道什么时候反对合法的战斗义务；非国家战斗人员需要知道什么时候可以无视法律禁止战斗。有时，两者都可能最好地履行其道德义务，即按照权威领导为特定冲突而设计的原则性方式遵循脱离非战斗豁免的定制规则。