Courts have determined that adaptive management does not satisfy the Endangered Species Act's requirement to use the 'best available science'. This is due, in part, to the failure to recognise the role of non-epistemic values in science. We examine the role of values in the legal controversy over the scientific reports and adaptive management plans for endangered salmon in the Columbia River Basin. To do this, we employ philosophical concepts related to risk and uncertainty that demonstrate how non-epistemic values are internal to science. We describe how, because adaptive management is a method for dealing with inductive risk, by remaining flexible, responsive and adaptive in those circumstances where the costs of making a mistake are very high, it requires special attention to ensure that it remains useful. We conclude that, because non-epistemic values will inevitably influence the 'best available science', it is critical that they are clarified in any adaptive management planning so that we can ensure the salmon conservation that the ESA mandates. Fortunately, because adaptive management is iterative in nature and includes opportunities for engagement between policymakers and scientists, it enables clarification of non-epistemic values through making standards of evidence transparent, acknowledging aims and goals and dealing with uncertainty at the institutional level.

中文翻译：

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适应性管理中的非认知价值：在濒临灭绝的哥伦比亚河鲑鱼的法律背景下构建可能性

法院已经确定适应性管理不满足《濒危物种法》关于使用“最佳可用科学”的要求。这部分是由于未能认识到非认知价值在科学中的作用。我们研究了价值观在哥伦比亚河流域濒危鲑鱼科学报告和适应性管理计划的法律争议中的作用。为此，我们采用了与风险和不确定性相关的哲学概念，这些概念展示了非认知价值如何​​成为科学的内在价值。我们描述了，因为适应性管理是一种处理归纳风险的方法，通过在犯错成本非常高的情况下保持灵活性、响应性和适应性，它需要特别注意以确保它仍然有用。我们得出的结论是，由于非认知价值将不可避免地影响“最佳可用科学”，因此在任何适应性管理计划中阐明这些价值至关重要，这样我们才能确保欧空局要求的鲑鱼保护。幸运的是，由于适应性管理本质上是迭代的，并且包括政策制定者和科学家之间参与的机会，它通过使证据标准透明、承认目标和处理机构层面的不确定性来澄清非认知价值。